股票专业术语 | 股票是如何进行分类的?

15th January, 2022

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按票面形态进行股票分类

记名股

这种股票在发行时,票面上记载有股东的姓名,并记载于公司的股东名册上。记名股票的特点就是除持有者和其正式的委托代理人或合法继承人、受赠人外,任何人都不能行使其股权。另外,记名股票不能任意转让,转让时,既要将受让人的姓名、住址分别记载于股票票面,还要在公司的股东名册上办理过户手续,否则转让不能生效。显然这种股票有安全、不怕遗失的优点,但转让手续繁琐。这种股票如需要私自转让,例如发生继承和赠予等行为时,必须在转让行为发生后立即办理过户等手续。

无记名股
此种股票在发行时,在股票上不记载股东的姓名。其持有者可自行转让股票,任何人一旦持有便享有股东的权利,无须再通过其他方式、途径证明有自己的股东资格。这种股票转让手续简便,但也应该通过证券市场的合法交易实现转让。

面值股
有票面金额股票,简称金额股票或面额股票,是指在股票票面上记载一定的金额。金额股票给股票定了一个票面价值,这样就可以很容易地确定每一股份在该股份公司中所占的比例。

无面值股
也称比例股票或无面额股票。股票发行时无票面价值记载,仅表明每股占资本总额的比例。其价值随 公司财产的增减而增减。因此,这种股票的内在价值总是处于变动状态。这种股票最大的优点就是避免了公司实际资产与票面资产的背离,因为股票的面值往往是徒有虚名,人们关心的不是股票面值,而是股票价格。发行这种股票对公司管理、财务核算、法律责任等方面要求极高,因此只有在美国比较流行,而不少国家根本不允许发行。

按上市地点进行股票分类

中国上市公司的股票有A股、B股、H股、N股、S股等的区分。这一区分主要依据股票的上市地点和所面对的投资者而定。

A股的正式名称是人民币普通股票。它是由中国境内的公司发行,供境内机构、组织或个人(不含台、港、澳投资者)以人民币认购和交易的普通股股票。

B股的正式名称是人民币特种股票。它是以人民币标明面值,以外币认购和买卖,在境内(上海、深圳)证券交易所上市交易的。它的投资人限于:外国的自然人、法人和其他组织,香港、澳门、台湾地区的自然人、法人和其他组织,定居在国外的中国公民,中国证监会规定的其他投资人。现阶段B股的投资人,主要是上述几类中的机构投资者。B股公司的注册地和上市地都在境内,只不过投资者在境外或在中国香港、澳门及台湾。
H股,即注册地在内地、上市地丰香港的外资股。香港的英文是Hong Kong,取其字首,在港上市外资股就叫做H股。依此类推,纽约的第一个英文字母是N,新加坡的第一个英文字母是S,纽约和新加坡上市的股票就分别叫做N股和S股。

按股东权利分类

优先股
优先股是股份公司发行的在分配红利和剩余财产时比普通股具有优先权的股份。优先股也是一种没有期限的有权凭证,优先股股东一般不能在中途向公司要求退股(少数可赎回的优先股例外)。
优先股的优先权主要表现在两个方面:
(1) 股息领取优先权。股份公司分派股息的顺序是优先股在前,普通股在后。股份公司不论其盈利多少,只要股东大会决定分派股息,优先股就可按照事先确定的股息率领取股息,即使普遍减少或没有股息,优先股亦应照因分派股息。
(2) 剩余资产分配优先权。股份公司在解散、破产清算时,优先股具有公司剩余资产的分配优先权,不过,优先股的优先分配权在债权人之后,而在普通股之前。只有还清公司债权人债务之后,有剩余资产时,优先股才具有剩余资产的分配权。只有在优先股索偿之后,普通股才参与分配。

普通股
普通股是“优先股"的对称,是随企业利润变动而变动的一种股份,是公司资本构成中最普通、最基本的股份,是股份企业资金的基础部分。
普通股的基本特点是基投资利益(股息和分红)不是在购买时约定,而是事后根据股票发生公司的经营实积来确定,公司的经营实积好,普通股的收益就商;而经营实积差,普通股的收益就低。普通股是股份公司资本构成中最重要、最基本的股份,亦是风险最大的一种股份,但又是股票中最基本、最常见的一种。
普通股的股利和残余则产分配可能大起大落,因此,普通股东所担的风险最大。既然如此,普通股东当然也就更关心公司的经营状况和发展前景,而普通股的后两个特性恰恰使这一愿望变成现实即提供和保证了普通股东关心公司经营状况与发展前景的权力的手段。
然而还值得注意的是,在投资股和优先股向一般投资者公开发行时,公司应使投资者感到普通股比优先股能获得料高的股利,否则,普通股既在投资上冒风险,又不能在股利上比优先股多得,那么还有谁愿购买普通股呢!一般公司发行优先股,主要是以“保险安全"型投资者为发行对象,对于那些比较富有“冒险精神"的投资者,普通股才更具魅力。总之,发行这两种不同性质的股票,目的在于更多地吸引具有不同兴趣的资本。

后配股
后配股是在利益或利息分红及剩余财产分配时比普通股处于劣势的股票,一般是在普通股分配之后,对剩余利益进行再分配。如果公司的盈利巨大,后配股的发行数量又很有限,则购买后配股的股东可以取得很高的收益。发行后配股,一般所筹措的资金不能立即产生收益,投资者的范围又受限制,因此利用率不高。后配股一般在下列情况下发行:
(1) 公司为筹措扩充设备资金而发行新股票时,为了不减少对旧股的分红,在新设备正式投用前,将新股票作后配股发行;
(2) 企业兼并时,为调整合并比北,向被兼并企业的股东交付一部分后配股;
(3) 在有政府投资的公司里,私人持有的股票投息达到一定水平之前,把政府持有的股票作为后配股。

 

 

关键词:股票,股票的分分类,香港股市,港股,香港IPO,交易港股,新加坡交易港股,美股,中国A股,美国上市

来源:彭博,华尔街见闻,东方财富,新浪财经,辉立证券

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