美股研报 | 美国银行业:贷款攀升,估值低廉

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推介日期:2019年4月8日

Invesco KBW Bank ETF

股票代码:KBWB

收盘价:USD 50.32 | 年初至今回报:15.0%

First Trust Nasdaq Bank ETF

股票代码:FTXO

收盘价:USD 25.47 | 年初至今回报:14.9%

SPDR S&P Bank ETF

股票代码:KBE

收盘价:USD 43.80 | 年初至今回报:17.8%

  

 

我们对美国银行业维持增持评级建议。估值低于历史平均水平。

贷款增长正在缓慢上升,主要受商业和工业贷款强劲增长的推动,并被疲软的抵押贷款所抵消。

资产质量仍将保持健康,因为自全球金融危机以来,各银行收紧了贷款政策。

长期国债收益率将小幅上升,但在经济增长放缓的背景下仍将保持区间波动。

由于融资成本增速高于贷款利率,净息差收紧。

 

贷款增长势头温和,工商业贷款推动2019年的贷款增长。2月份贷款总额同比增长5.5% (图1),显示出自2017年10月以来的持续增长势头。工商业贷款增长是今年迄今增长的主要驱动力 (2月同比增长10.4%,而1月同比增长10.1%)。我们预计,随着宏观经济增长放缓,2019年工商业贷款增长将放缓。

2月份抵押贷款增长乏力 (同比增长1.2%),主要是由于循环贷款大幅收缩-7.7%所致。然而,在截至3月29日的一周里,由于抵押贷款利率大幅下降,致使抵押贷款的申请量激增 (图2)。我们预计,抵押贷款利率 (与10年期国债收益率密切相关) 在整个2019年将保持不变。

2月份消费贷款同比增长5.3%。其他消费贷款* (同比增长10.6%) 和信用卡贷款 (同比增长5.7%) 增长强劲,但被汽车贷款的增长疲软所抵消 (同比增长1.4%)。我们预计,由于汽车价格和利率高企,2019年剩余时间的汽车贷款增长乏力。

 

新加坡2月份国内存款同比增长6.3%,为两年来最快 (CASA 同比收缩1.0%;定期存款同比激增18.9%)。在利率不断上升的环境下,银行业一直在大举增加定期存款。新加坡2月份的定期存款录得同比增长18.9%,创下11年来的最高增速,而2018财年的每月平均增速为1.6%。政府和法定机构的存款同比激增69.1%,令人印象深刻。随着金融行业的定期存款定价不断上涨,相应的资金成本上升,这对银行管理好成本,足以实现净息差的扩张,是一个持续的挑战。1月份定期存款和CASA 占存款总额的比例分别为41% 和59%。

 

信贷质量保持良好。在最大型的银行中,信贷质量继续保持健康。与全球金融危机 (GFC) 相比,坏账冲销率保持稳定在历史低位。2018年四季度,最大型银行的不良贷款占贷款总额比例的中值为0.5% (图3)。我们预计信贷质量将保持健康,因为自全球金融危机以来,银行收紧了对抵押和信用卡方面的贷款政策 (图4)。

 

3月份,3个月SIBOR 为1.944%,比上月创下11年新高的1.953%,低 0.8个基点。
3个月SOR 环比下降8个基点至1.933%。与此同时,新加坡的储蓄率保持在0.16%不变。尽管美联储呈现出鸽派基调,但我们预计,由于加息的时间滞后传递,各银行将实现净息差的改善,尽管我们预期加息的速度不会像2018年那样快。SIBOR 和SOR 在过去一年的增长,应会在2019年5月即将公布的银行业业绩中得到积极的反映。然而,随着该区域的利率上升,融资成本上升可能会对利润率构成威胁。香港,3个月HIBOR 自2018年12月达到2.327%的峰值以后,年初至今已下跌57 个基点。

 

收益率曲线反转并不预示2019年将出现衰退。投资者最关注的问题之一是收益率曲线的反转。正如我们之前关于收益率曲线反转的报告中所述,在10年期3个月国债收益率差首次出现反转后,平均需要22个月的时间才会发生实际衰退。由于国内经济活动保持稳定,我们认为2019年不会出现衰退。

 

长期国债收益率将小幅上升,但在全球经济放缓的背景下,仍将保持区间波动。有趣的是,尽管全球经济疲软,但我们看到对美国国债的避险需求却在减少。自2018年四季度以来,外国投资者净出售长期国债 (图5)。2019年1月,由于外国投资者转向收益率更高的政府机构 (流入230亿美元) 和公司债券 (流入6.38亿美元) ,净出售了120亿美元的美国国债和票据。我们相信,在创造就业和消费数据健康的情况下,这种冒险情绪将会持续下去,从而导致对美国长期国债的需求下降和收益率上升。

*其他消费贷款包括学生贷款,医疗费用和度假贷款以及其他个人支出贷款

长期美国国债收益率可能会小幅上升,但由于美国市场情绪改善和全球经济增长放缓之间的拉锯,使国债收益率仍将保持在区间波动。中美贸易战的积极结果,可能会让不确定的经济状况更加明朗,并导致长期收益率回升。

 

随着存款成本增加,净息差收紧。存款成本增加将给净息差带来压力,因为消费者正在调整他们的预期,以适应高利率环境。3个月定期存单 (CD),6个月CD 和货币市场账户 (MMA) 利率同比分别增长43%,48% 和69%,而最优惠利率同比仅增长16% (图6)。由于融资成本较高,净息差在2019年可能会适度扩张。

 

健康的国内交易流量恢复。2019年一季度,资本市场的积极表现,可能为银行资本市场业务提供潜在的上行空间。美国并购交易量 (M&A) 环比增长32%,抵消了交易数量环比下降9% 的影响 (图7)。我们相信,如制药等行业的微整合和健康的交易流,将在2019年为投资银行提供一个好年头的信号。

 

银行业的估值依然颇具吸引力。银行目前的市盈率为11.3倍,低于历史平均水平 (图8)。尽管2018年的每股盈利增长可观 (图9),但目前金融类股的市盈率是除工业类股和材料类股以外的最低市盈率之一。我们相信,尽管市场环境充满挑战,但美国银行业仍将经历令人鼓舞的贷款增长。银行股目前处于超卖状态,预计明年将继续走高。

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