股票专业术语 | 什么是股息红利?

15th January, 2022

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股息红利的来源

股息是股东定期按一定的比率从上市公司分取的盈利,红利则是在上市公司分派股息之后按持股比例向股东分配的剩余利润。获取股息和红利,是股民投资于上市公司的基本目的,也是股民的基本经济权利。

一般来讲,上市公司在财会年度结算以后,会根据股东的持股数将一部分利润作为股息分配给股东。在分配股息红利时,首先是优先股股东按规定的股息率行使收益分配,然后普通股股东根据余下的利润分取股息,其股息率则不一定是固定的。在分取了股息以后,如果上市公司还有利润可供分配,就可根据情况给普通股股东发放红利。

发放方式

财产股利是上市公司用现金以外的其他资产向股东分派的股息和红利。它可以是上市公司持有的其他公司的有价证券,也可以是实物。负债股利是上市公司通过建立一种负债,用债券或应付票据作为股利分派给股东。这些债券或应付票据既是公司支付的股利,又确定了股东对上市公司享有的独立债权。现金股利是上市公司以货币形式支付给股东的股息红利,也是最普通最常见的股利形式,如每股派息多少元,就是现金股利。股票股利是上市公司用股票的形式向股东分派的股利,也就是通常所说的送红股。

采用送红股的形式发放股息红利实际上是将应分给股东的现金留在企业作为发展再生产之用,它与股份公司暂不分红派息没有太大的区别。股票红利使股东手中的股票在名义上增加了,但与此同时公司的注册资本增大了,股票的净资产含量减少了。但实际上股东手中股票的总资产含量没什么变化。

由于要在获得利润后才能向股东分派股息和红利,上市公司一般是在公司营业年度结算以后才从事这项工作。在实际中,有的上市公司在一年内进行两次决算,一次在营业年度中期,另一次是营业年度终结。相应地向股东分派两次股利,以便及时回报股东,吸引投资者。但年度中期分派股利不同于年终分派股利,它职能在中期以前的利润余额范围内分派,且必须是预期本年度终结时不可能亏损的前提下才能进行。

在中国沪深股市,股票的分红派息都由证券交易所及登记公司协助进行。在分红时,深市的登记公司将会把分派的红股直接登录到股民的股票帐户中,将现金红利通过股民开户的券商划拨到股民的资金帐户。沪市上市公司对红股的处理方式与深市一致,但现金红利需要股民到券商处履行相关的手续,即股民在规定的期限内到柜台中将红利以现金红利权卖出,其红利款项由券商划入资金帐户中。如逾期未办理手续,则需委托券商到证券交易所办理相关手续。

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