期权 vs 股票:哪个更适合您?选择适合的投资方式,让财富增值更快 April 8, 2025

期权 vs 股票:哪个更适合您?选择适合的投资方式,让财富增值更快

期权是一种衍生性金融产品,是一种合约,允许投资者通过判断其价格趋势,在特定的时间内,以约定价格购买/卖出标的资产。当市场波动时,期权是一种非常实用的交易工具,可以小博大、对冲持股,和增强潜在收益等。

期权 vs 股票:哪个更适合您?选择适合的投资方式,让财富增值更快

期权投资虽然提供了更大的灵活性,但也伴随着一定的风险;而且与股票相比,期权投资相对更复杂。因此,我们将一系列地介绍投资期权的相关必备重点知识,揭示期权的机制、风险和潜在益处。本篇文章的最后,也将总结概括其与股票投资的区别,有助于投资者更好地了解两者投资的优劣势。

 

1. 期权交易

期权是什么?

期权是一种合约,赋予交易者在特定日期,即到期日(Expiration date) 前,以约定价格,即行使价格 (Strike Price/Exercise Price) 买入或卖出标的资产 (Underlying Asset) 的权利,但并不要求必须执行。这意味着当您买入期权时,实质上是购买了买入或卖出标的资产的权利,可选择是否执行;而卖方则有义务按约定条件履行。

期权 vs 股票:哪个更适合您?选择适合的投资方式,让财富增值更快

 

5个关键组成因素

期权是一种衍生性金融工具,其价值由标的资产决定,并具有特定的交易规则。理解期权交易,首先要掌握以下 5 个关键组成因素:

期权 vs 股票:哪个更适合您?选择适合的投资方式,让财富增值更快

  1. 合约标的资产(Underlying Asset):行使期权时,买卖双方约定交易的相关标的资产,包括股票、外汇、大宗商品等,我们主要关注的是股票期权。
  2. 期权类型:
    • 看涨期权(Call Option):赋予买方在未来某个时间以行使价格买入标的资产的权利。
    • 看跌期权(Put Option):赋予买方在未来某个时间以行使价格卖出标的资产的权利。
  3. 行权价(Exercise Price):期权合约中,约定的交易价格
  4. 期权金:期权买方向期权卖方支付的成本,例如期权溢价(Option Premium),包括内在价值(Intrinsic Value)和时间值(Time Value)。
  5. 到期日(Expiration Date):期权合约到期的日期
    • 美式期权(American Option):交易者可以在到期日或到期日前的任意一天行权
    • 欧式期权(European Option):只能在到期日当天行权

 

4种基本策略(单边策略)

在期权交易中,投资者可以运用以下 4 种基本单边策略,根据市场预期调整交易方向:

看涨期权(Call Option) 看跌期权(Put Option)
买入
(Long)
买入看涨期权(Long Call)

-认为股价会上涨
-有权以约定价格买入股票

买入看跌期权(Long Put)

-认为股价会跌
-有权以约定价格卖出股票

卖出
(Short)
卖出看涨期权(Short Call)

-认为股价不会上涨
-若买方行权,必须以约定价格卖出股票

卖出看跌期权(Short Put)

-认为股价不会跌
-若买方行权,必须以约定价格买入股票

 

期权交易中的风险指标

期权交易的风险指标主要通过Greeks来衡量不同因素对期权价格的影响。

期权 vs 股票:哪个更适合您?选择适合的投资方式,让财富增值更快

  • Greeks
    交易期权涉及风险指标,而Geeks一系列的希腊值用于衡量可能影响期权合约价格的不同因素的变量,最常用的有Delta、Gamma、Vega、Theta、Rho等。
    Delta

    • 衡量期权价格对标的资产价格每变化$1而变化的敏感度
    • 看涨期权:Delta值在0~1之间,看跌期权:Delta值在 -1~0之间

    Gamma

    • 有助于确保期权数据的稳定性,衡量标的资产价格变动$1时,Delta的变化大小
    • 若Gamma值为1,表示若标的资产价格上涨$1,Delta相应上涨10%

    Vega

    • 衡量期权对标的资产波动变化的价格敏感度
    • 若Vega值为0.2,表示若期权的隐含波动率(Implied Volatility)增加1%,期权价格将相应增加$0.2

    Theta

    • 在其他因素保持不变的条件下,衡量期权价格对时间(到期日)变化的敏感度
    • 若Theta值为0.9,则意味着期权价格每天会下降$0.9,直至到期

    Rho

    • 衡量期权价格相对于无风险利率()变化的比率
    • 若Rho值为0.2,表示若无风险利率每上升1%,则期权价格将上升$0.2
  • 隐含波动率/引伸波幅(Implied Volatility,IV)
    • 反映了交易者对未来价格波动的预期:较高的隐含波动率通常表示预期标的资产价格波动较大,从而导致期权价格更高。

 

2. 期权与股票投资的对比

  • 股票
    股票投资主要通过购买公司股票 (Company Stock) 来获得部分所有权。投资者购买股票后,可享有投票权和分红等福利。股价的波动受供求关系、公司业绩和市场预期等因素的影响。
  • 与期权的比较
股票 期权
投资者类型 初学者,长期投资者 寻求灵活性,和风险管理的活跃交易者
投资
(资金投入)
购买股票的初始支出(包括佣金、交易所费用等)

可选择交易碎股,或者整股

与等值股票相比,资本投入更少
潜在风险 损失风险:无法保证获得正回报,且有可能会损失全部投资 复杂性:涉及各种策略,不仅需要理解市场,还有与标的资产的关系、动态等

损失风险:短期期权可能只能获得短期收益,且由于到期时间有限,执行策略的时间也有限

时间衰减:期权价值对时间非常敏感,越接近到期日,价值将会减少

优点 可获得分红派息

持有期不确定,可长期持有作为长期投资

买入时的下跌风险有限

更多投资策略

无论是股票投资还是期权交易,各有其独特的优势。股票投资适合追求稳定回报的长期投资者,而期权则为那些希望在市场波动中灵活操作、增加收益或对冲风险的投资者提供了更多机会。通过了解两者的区别和特点,您可以根据自身的风险承受能力和投资目标,选择最符合个人需求的投资决策,开启属于自己的投资之旅!
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期权 vs 股票:哪个更适合您?选择适合的投资方式,让财富增值更快

 

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