Convexity 

Convexity 

Applying the duration and convexity ideas is crucial when assessing bonds. A bond’s or bond portfolio’s approximate price change can be predicted quite well using duration. However, duration loses accuracy in projecting price movements for assets with embedded options and bigger yield changes. Duration and convexity can be coupled to approximate the price for a given change in yield more closely. 

The convexity of a bond portfolio can significantly impact the portfolio’s overall return. For example, a portfolio with positive convexity will typically outperform a portfolio with negative convexity when interest rates rise. This is because the YTM curve of a portfolio with positive convexity will become steeper as interest rates rise, which means that the portfolio’s overall return will increase faster than a portfolio with negative convexity. 

Overall, the convexity of a bond portfolio is an important consideration for investors when choosing which bonds to include in their portfolio. 

What is convexity? 

Convexity is a metric for the degree of the curve between the price of bonds and their yields. Thus, convexity is a metric for the arc of the bond price–interest rate connection. It displays how quickly a bond’s duration alters in response to changes in interest rates. 

 Convexity shows how the term of a bond changes when the interest rate changes. If a bond’s duration increases along with yields, this is called negative convexity. If a bond’s tenure lengthens while its yield drops, it is said to have positive convexity. 

Understanding convexity 

Convexity and duration are two calculated metrics that, unfortunately for bond investors, are difficult to get. Although you could theoretically calculate it on your own in Excel, and professional fund managers use sources like Bloomberg to seek this information, your best bet is to find a broker. This is because it isn’t worth the effort to learn the formula, alter it, and use it in Excel regularly. If your broker doesn’t have a bond calculator, his fixed-income offerings may be inadequate. 

On a portfolio level, convexity is also incredibly helpful. When managing a bond portfolio, you can utilize duration and convexity to choose where to allocate existing bond positions and new purchases based on the portfolio’s duration and convexity.  

Apply the same interest-rate forecast criterion when considering the overall impact of a new position and its allocation. Using position sizes and diversity to reduce risk, you can still buy bonds you like, even if their duration or convexity is at odds with your predicted interest rate. 

Convexity and duration 

Investors can learn how interest rate changes will impact a bond’s price using duration and convexity measures. The course of a bond can help investors comprehend the implications for a bond’s price should interest rates change by indicating how a bond’s price responds to changes in interest rates. A bond’s convexity can be used to calculate the difference in duration for a specific change in yields. 

If rates are anticipated to rise, consider investing in bonds with shorter periods. These bonds will see less market volatility and less sensitivity to yield increases than bonds with longer periods. Higher-term bonds should be taken into consideration if rates are predicted to fall. Higher-duration bonds stand to gain more than their lower-duration counterparts when rates fall, and bond prices rise. 

Positive and negative convexity 

If a bond’s duration increases while the yield decreases, this is referred to as positive convexity. An increase in price brought on by a decrease in rates will have a greater impact on a bond with positive convexity than a rise in price brought on by an increase in yields. 

Negative convexity happens when the tenure of a bond increases at the same time that the yield does. Bond prices will fall as the yield increases. When interest rates fall, bond prices rise, but a bond with negative convexity depreciates as rates fall. 

Example of convexity 

Consider XYZ Corporation, a bond issuer, as having two bonds on the market now: bond A and B. Each bond has a 100,000 USD face value and a 5% coupon rate. Bond B matures in 10 years as opposed to bond A’s 5-year maturity. Bond A has a period of 4 years, but bond B has a duration of 5.5 years using the concept of duration. This implies that the price of bond A will vary by 4% for every 1% change in interest rates, whereas the price of bond B will change by 5.5%. 

Let’s now assume that interest rates unexpectedly rise by 2%. Accordingly, the cost of bond A should go down by 8%, while the cost of bond B would go down by 11%. However, based solely on bond B’s term, the price movement will be less than anticipated using the idea of convexity. 

This is because bond B has a higher convexity. After all, it has a longer maturity. Bond B’s higher convexity protects against changes in interest rates, resulting in a less significant price movement than predicted based on tenure. 

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