Market Indexes

Table of Contents

Market Indexes
What are market indexes?
Understanding market indexes
Types of market indexes
Advantages of market indexes
Disadvantages of market indexes
Frequently Asked Questions

Market Indexes

Stock market indexes represent a group of shares that have been selected based on certain criteria, such as trading volume, share size, etc. In the stock market, the sampling method is used to illustrate the direction of the market and movement through an index.

What are market indexes?

A stock market index is a statistical measure of the relative changes in the value of a portfolio of stocks. The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) and the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index (S&P 500) are the most commonly used stock market indices.

The DJIA is a price-weighted average of 30 blue-chip stocks widely considered a barometer of the overall US stock market. The S&P 500 is a market-cap-weighted index of 500 large-cap stocks widely considered representative of the US stock market.

Understanding market indexes

A stock market index keeps tabs on the performance and price changes of the stocks that make up the index. This indicates that the performance of the stocks that make up any stock market index is directly correlated with the index’s performance. In layman’s terms, the index generally increases if the prices of the stocks in it rises.

Equities with comparable market capitalisations, company sizes, or industry sectors are combined to create stock market indices. After that, the index is calculated using the chosen stocks. Nevertheless, the price of each stock will be unique, and the price point in one stock will differ from the price point in another. Therefore, it is impossible to calculate the index value by adding stock prices.

Types of market indexes

There are three main types of stock market indexes in the United States: the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), the Nasdaq Composite, and the S&P 500.

Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)

The DJIA is the oldest and most well-known index and consists of 30 large blue-chip stocks traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).

Nasdaq composite

The Nasdaq Composite is a newer index that includes all stocks traded on the Nasdaq stock exchange, including both large and small companies.

S&P 500

The S&P 500 is a broad-based index that includes 500 large-cap stocks traded on the NYSE and Nasdaq.

Advantages of market indexes

Stock market indexes are a useful tool for investors to track the stock market’s overall performance. By tracking the performance of a broad range of stocks, indexes can give investors a good indication of how the stock market is performing.

This can help make investment decisions, as it can indicate whether the stock market is bullish or bearish.

In addition to giving investors an overview of the market, indexes can also be used to measure the performance of specific market sectors. For example, the S&P 500 is divided into 11 different sectors including energy, materials, industrials, consumer discretionary, and healthcare. This can help identify which sectors are performing well and which are struggling.

Overall, stock market indexes are a useful tool for investors to track the stock market’s performance and make informed investment decisions.

Disadvantages of market indexes

While stock market indexes can provide a quick snapshot of how a particular market is performing, they also have some disadvantages. For example, because indexes are created using a weighted average of the stocks within the index, they may not accurately reflect the performance of any one particular stock. Additionally, because indexes only track a limited number of stocks, they may not provide a true representation of the entire market.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are stock index lists?

A stock index list is a list of stocks grouped based on certain criteria. A panel of experts usually chooses the stocks in an index list designed to represent the stock market’s overall performance or a specific economic sector. Investors often use index lists to track the performance of the market or a specific sector.

What is a weighted index?

A weighted index is a stock market index in which each component stock is assigned a weight, or a value, based on its market capitalization. The weight of a stock is determined by its market capitalization, which is the total value of all the outstanding shares of that stock. The weighting of the stocks in the index makes it a “weighted” index.

What are the uses of the market index?

Investors use stock market indices for a variety of purposes, such as:

To measure the performance of a particular stock market or market sector.

To compare the relative performance of different stock markets or market sectors.
To provide a benchmark for active portfolio managers.
To help investors formulate investment strategies.
To track the performance of exchange-traded funds and index mutual funds.

How to read a stock market index?

To read a stock market index, one must first understand its measures. A stock market index is a statistical average that measures the performance of a group of stocks. This can be done by taking the weighted average of the prices of the stocks in the group.

The index can be either a value or a growth index. A value index measures the stocks in the group based on their current prices. A growth index measures the stocks in the group based on their prices and dividend growth.

You must also know how the index is calculated. Once you understand what the index is measuring and how it is calculated, you can start interpreting it. The index can be used to measure the stock market’s overall performance. It can also be used to compare the performance of different groups of stocks. For example, you can compare the performance of large-cap stocks to small-cap stocks.

Understanding what the stock market index measures is the first step to reading it. Once you understand what it measures, you can interpret it and use it to make decisions about investing in the stock market.

What is a stock market index?

A stock index, sometimes known as a stock market index, is an indicator used in finance to evaluate a stock market or a segment of a stock market and assist investors in comparing current stock prices to historical prices to determine market performance.

Equities from comparable companies or those that meet a predefined set of criteria are chosen to create a stock market index. These securities are already traded and listed on the exchange. Market capitalization, industry, and other factors may all be used to create share market indices.

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Leveraged & Inverse ETFs: Power, Pitfalls, and Practical Use

Published on May 5, 2026 54

Table of Contents Introduction to Leveraged ETFs Overview of MAS SIP Requirements The Power of Leveraged ETFs Pitfalls of Leveraged ETFs Popular Leveraged & Inverse ETFs Should You Trade Leveraged ETFs? Leveraged & Inverse ETFs carry many risks and may not be suitable for risk-averse investors. Introduction to Leveraged & Inverse ETFs Leveraged and inverse ETFs use derivatives to deliver amplified or inverse returns relative to an underlying index, typically on a daily basis. These products are designed to provide a multiplier effect, allowing investors to gain enhanced exposure to market movements in both rising and falling conditions. While they offer the potential for higher returns, they also come with elevated risks. As such, they are generally more suitable for short-term tactical strategies rather than long-term investing. Overview of MAS SIP Requirements As leveraged and inverse ETFs use more complex structures, they are classified as Specified Investment Products (SIPs). This means investors must demonstrate a certain level of knowledge before trading them. Since 2012, in alignment with the Monetary Authority of Singapore's efforts to enhance trading protections for retail investors, brokers are required to assess an investor's relevant knowledge and experience before permitting investments in SIPs. As a result, investors must complete the Customer Account Review (CAR) eligibility form before being allowed to invest in listed SIPs. If you’re new to these products, you can build your understanding by completing the SIP product knowledge module offered through the SGX Academy to qualify for trading. The Power of Leveraged ETFs Leveraged ETFs can provide amplified exposure to well-known companies such as NVIDIA, Amazon, Tesla, and Netflix, many of which are already highly volatile. Beyond individual stocks, leveraged ETFs are also available on major indices such as the S&P 500, Dow Jones Industrial Average, and Nasdaq-100. 1. Short-Term Directional Positioning Bloomberg: Direxion Daily Semiconductor Bull 3X ETF (SOXL.US) Updated as of 28 April 2026 As illustrated in the Bloomberg screenshot, leveraged ETFs can deliver amplified returns at a sector level, such as offering 3x exposure to semiconductor performance, which allow investors to capitalise on short-term market momentum. Source: POEMS However, leverage works both ways. If the market reverses, losses are equally magnified. Investors are therefore strongly encouraged to implement risk management strategies, such as stop-loss orders, before taking on additional positions. 2. Hedging Portfolio To Protect Downside Risk During periods of heightened uncertainty and volatility, portfolios may come under pressure. Investors who wish to protect their portfolios can always take on short positions to hedge their downside risk. Source: POEMS Inverse or leveraged ETFs can be effective hedging tools, allowing investors to offset potential losses by taking inverse positions against their existing holdings, thereby reducing potential losses during market downturns. The Pitfalls of Leveraged ETFs The key risks of leveraged ETFs stem from their structure and daily reset feature, which makes them fundamentally different from traditional ETFs. Daily Reset Risk Leveraged ETFs are designed to deliver a multiple of daily returns, not long-term performance. Holding these products over multiple days may result in returns that deviate significantly from the expected multiple of the underlying index. Volatility Decay In volatile or sideways markets, leveraged ETFs may lose value due to volatility decay. Price fluctuations can erode returns even if the underlying index ends up relatively unchanged. Compounding Effect Compounding can work against investors over time. Losses require a larger percentage gain to recover, meaning even small declines can have a disproportionate impact on overall performance. Illustration of Compounding Effect: Open Price (USD) Closing Price (USD) % Difference 53.5 50.83 - 5% 50.83 53.37 + 5% Despite a 5% decline followed by a 5% gain, the price does not return to its original level. This effect, combined with volatility decay, illustrates why leveraged ETFs are generally unsuitable for long-term holding. Popular Leveraged & Inverse ETFs Ticker Code Issuer Underlying Leverage Market Cap Price (USD) TQQQ ProShares NASDAQ 3x 24.59B 62.64 SOXL Direxion ICE Semiconductor Index 3x 12.23B 123.39 SPXL Direxion S&P 500 3x 4.65B 149.42 NVDL GraniteShares NVDA 2x 3.73B 110.44 TECL Direxion Technology 3x 2.98B 149.42 Source: POEMSLast Updated: 27 April 2026 Should You Trade Leveraged ETFs? Leveraged and inverse ETFs can be powerful tools when used appropriately. To use them effectively, investors must have a clear understanding of their structure, risks, and intended use cases. They are best suited for: Short-term trading strategies Tactical positioning Portfolio hedging Ultimately, successful use of these instruments depends on discipline, risk management, and a strong understanding of how they behave under different market conditions. Start Your Global Investment Journey Today! Open an account with POEMS and take the first step toward a diversified, globally-focused portfolio! For more information about trading on POEMS, you can visit our website or reach out to our Night Desk representatives at 6531 1225. Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. Past performance figures as well as any projection or forecast used in these commentaries are not necessarily indicative of future or likely performance. Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (PSPL), its directors, connected persons or employees may from time to time have an interest in the financial instruments mentioned in these commentaries. The information contained in these commentaries has been obtained from public sources which PSPL has no reason to believe are unreliable and any analysis, forecasts, projections, expectations and opinions (collectively the “Research”) contained in these commentaries are based on such information and are expressions of belief only. PSPL has not verified this information and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made that such information or Research is accurate, complete or verified or should be relied upon as such. Any such information or Research contained in these commentaries are subject to change, and PSPL shall not have any responsibility to maintain the information or Research made available or to supply any corrections, updates or releases in connection therewith. In no event will PSPL be liable for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages which may be incurred from the use of the information or Research made available, even if it has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The companies and their employees mentioned in these commentaries cannot be held liable for any errors, inaccuracies and/or omissions howsoever caused. Any opinion or advice herein is made on a general basis and is subject to change without notice. The information provided in these commentaries may contain optimistic statements regarding future events or future financial performance of countries, markets or companies. You must make your own financial assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information provided in these commentaries. Views and any strategies described in these commentaries may not be suitable for all investors. Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other units of PSPL or its connected persons and associates. Any reference to or discussion of investment products or commodities in these commentaries is purely for illustrative purposes only and must not be construed as a recommendation, an offer or solicitation for the subscription, purchase or sale of the investment products or commodities mentioned. This advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

Wells Fargo Upgraded to BUY on Post-Asset Cap Growth Momentum, US$98 Target Price

Published on Apr 28, 2026 68

Wells Fargo & Company has been upgraded to BUY from Accumulate with an unchanged target price of US$98, as the bank demonstrates strong operating momentum following the removal of regulatory constraints. The American multinational financial services company, one of the largest banks in the United States, has successfully closed its final outstanding consent order in March 2026, marking the end of a prolonged regulatory oversight period. Strong Financial Performance Across All Segments Wells Fargo delivered solid first-quarter 2026 results, with earnings rising 7% year-on-year to US$5.3 billion. Revenue grew 6% to US$21.4 billion, driven by net interest income growth of 5% and non-interest income expansion of 8%. All business segments contributed to the revenue growth, demonstrating the bank's broad-based recovery. The dividend per share increased 13% year-on-year to US$0.45, whilst common stock net repurchases rose 14% to US$4 billion, reflecting management's confidence in the bank's financial position and future prospects. Key Growth Drivers and Positive Momentum Non-interest income has become a significant growth engine, rising 8% year-on-year to US$9.4 billion and now accounting for 44% of total revenue. This growth was led by investment advisory fees increasing 10% on higher market valuations and transactional activity, markets revenue surging 19% on stronger client activity, and card fees benefiting from nearly 60% growth in new credit card accounts. The removal of the asset cap in June 2025 has unleashed significant growth potential. Average loans expanded 10% year-on-year to US$996 billion, whilst deposits grew 6% to US$1.42 trillion. Consumer Banking witnessed particularly strong momentum with auto originations more than doubling and consumer checking account openings up over 15%. Challenges and Headwinds Despite the positive momentum, Wells Fargo faces several headwinds. Net interest margin compressed 13 basis points year-on-year to 2.47% as deposits reprice in the current interest rate environment. Provisions trended higher by 22% year-on-year, reflecting normalisation of credit costs. Additionally, macro and geopolitical uncertainties pose ongoing risks to the operating environment. The bank maintained its full-year 2026 guidance of approximately US$50 billion for net interest income and US$55.7 billion for expenses, with net interest income expected to build throughout the year on balance sheet expansion. Frequently Asked Questions [market_journal_faq] This article has been auto-generated using PhillipGPT. It is based on a report by a Phillip Securities Research analyst. Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. Past performance figures as well as any projection or forecast used in these commentaries are not necessarily indicative of future or likely performance. Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (PSPL), its directors, connected persons or employees may from time to time have an interest in the financial instruments mentioned in these commentaries. The information contained in these commentaries has been obtained from public sources which PSPL has no reason to believe are unreliable and any analysis, forecasts, projections, expectations and opinions (collectively the “Research”) contained in these commentaries are based on such information and are expressions of belief only. PSPL has not verified this information and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made that such information or Research is accurate, complete or verified or should be relied upon as such. Any such information or Research contained in these commentaries are subject to change, and PSPL shall not have any responsibility to maintain the information or Research made available or to supply any corrections, updates or releases in connection therewith. In no event will PSPL be liable for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages which may be incurred from the use of the information or Research made available, even if it has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The companies and their employees mentioned in these commentaries cannot be held liable for any errors, inaccuracies and/or omissions howsoever caused. Any opinion or advice herein is made on a general basis and is subject to change without notice. The information provided in these commentaries may contain optimistic statements regarding future events or future financial performance of countries, markets or companies. You must make your own financial assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information provided in these commentaries. Views and any strategies described in these commentaries may not be suitable for all investors. Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other units of PSPL or its connected persons and associates. Any reference to or discussion of investment products or commodities in these commentaries is purely for illustrative purposes only and must not be construed as a recommendation, an offer or solicitation for the subscription, purchase or sale of the investment products or commodities mentioned. This advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

Netflix Inc. – Execution remains strong, but growth is moderating

Published on Apr 28, 2026 27

I notice there's a temporal inconsistency in the provided research report - it references Q1 2026 results as if they've already occurred, but we're currently in April 2024. However, I'll create the podcast script exactly as requested, using only the information provided in the research report without adding any external data or making corrections to the timeline. My name is Helena Wang, your host for today's episode of Let the Money Talk. Today we're diving deep into Netflix's latest quarterly performance and what it means for retail investors like you. Netflix delivered solid results in the first quarter of twenty twenty-six, with revenue meeting expectations and slightly exceeding the company's own guidance. What really caught attention was the profit after tax and minority interest, which exceeded expectations thanks to a significant two point eight billion dollar termination fee related to the Warner Brothers transaction. The quarter's revenue and adjusted profit represented twenty-five percent and twenty-one percent respectively of full-year estimates. Revenue growth remained robust at sixteen percent year-over-year, powered by three key drivers: membership growth, higher pricing, and increased advertising revenue. Management is projecting thirteen percent year-over-year growth for the second quarter of twenty twenty-six, with advertising revenue expected to double for the full year. Let me walk you through the key positives that make Netflix a compelling investment story. First, Netflix continues to demonstrate exceptional pricing power. The company recently implemented price increases of eight to thirteen percent across different plans, and these have been well absorbed by subscribers with stable retention and minimal churn. Here's a striking comparison: Netflix delivers one of the lowest costs per viewing hour among streaming platforms at just thirty-one cents per hour, compared to Disney at thirty-five cents and Hulu at forty cents. This value proposition supports significant pricing headroom going forward. The company is also expanding its monetization strategies across its massive user base through differentiated subscription plans, improved content discovery, and expansion into new formats including live events, podcasts, and gaming. This sustained pricing execution, backed by strong user engagement, represents a key driver of long-term earnings growth. The second major positive is Netflix's advertising business momentum. The ad-supported tier is scaling rapidly, now working with over four thousand advertisers, representing seventy percent year-over-year growth. Management has reiterated expectations for three billion dollars in advertising revenue for twenty twenty-six, which would represent a doubling from the previous year. The ad-supported tier serves as a crucial entry point, accounting for over sixty percent of new sign-ups in advertising markets while maintaining engagement levels comparable to ad-free plans. Netflix continues investing in its proprietary advertising technology stack, enabling better targeting, improved measurement, and new ad formats. This attracts a broader pool of advertisers and drives monetization efficiency. Based on this strong execution, the recommendation remains accumulate with a raised target price of one hundred ten dollars, up from the previous one hundred dollars. Netflix maintains its leadership position in video-on-demand streaming through its substantial subscription base, quality content, and strong pricing power. Notably, its average revenue per user is approximately twice that of its nearest competitor, Disney. That wraps up today's analysis on Let the Money Talk. Netflix's combination of pricing power, advertising growth, and market leadership position makes it a compelling story for retail investors seeking exposure to the streaming revolution. This article has been auto-generated using AI tools. It is based on a report by a Phillip Securities Research analyst. Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. Past performance figures as well as any projection or forecast used in these commentaries are not necessarily indicative of future or likely performance. Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (PSPL), its directors, connected persons or employees may from time to time have an interest in the financial instruments mentioned in these commentaries. The information contained in these commentaries has been obtained from public sources which PSPL has no reason to believe are unreliable and any analysis, forecasts, projections, expectations and opinions (collectively the “Research”) contained in these commentaries are based on such information and are expressions of belief only. PSPL has not verified this information and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made that such information or Research is accurate, complete or verified or should be relied upon as such. Any such information or Research contained in these commentaries are subject to change, and PSPL shall not have any responsibility to maintain the information or Research made available or to supply any corrections, updates or releases in connection therewith. In no event will PSPL be liable for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages which may be incurred from the use of the information or Research made available, even if it has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The companies and their employees mentioned in these commentaries cannot be held liable for any errors, inaccuracies and/or omissions howsoever caused. Any opinion or advice herein is made on a general basis and is subject to change without notice. The information provided in these commentaries may contain optimistic statements regarding future events or future financial performance of countries, markets or companies. You must make your own financial assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information provided in these commentaries. Views and any strategies described in these commentaries may not be suitable for all investors. Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other units of PSPL or its connected persons and associates. Any reference to or discussion of investment products or commodities in these commentaries is purely for illustrative purposes only and must not be construed as a recommendation, an offer or solicitation for the subscription, purchase or sale of the investment products or commodities mentioned.

Keppel DC REIT Delivers Strong Q1 Performance with Robust Rental Reversions and ACCUMULATE Rating

Published on Apr 28, 2026 43

Keppel DC REIT has delivered a solid first quarter performance for FY26, with distribution per unit (DPU) reaching 2.833 Singapore cents, representing a 13.2% year-on-year increase. The REIT, which operates a portfolio of data centre properties across key markets, demonstrated resilient fundamentals despite some operational challenges. Strong Financial Performance Driven by Strategic Acquisitions The quarterly results were in line with expectations, forming 26% of full-year estimates. Growth was primarily attributed to the acquisitions of Tokyo Data Centre 3 and the remaining interests in Keppel DC Singapore 3 & 4, alongside stronger contributions from contract renewals and escalations. These gains were partially offset by the divestment of Kaltenbach Data Centre. Portfolio rental reversion remained robust at 51% during the quarter, an improvement from the full-year FY25 figure of 45%. However, this strong performance was based on a very small percentage of total leases, approximately 0.3% of the portfolio. Portfolio occupancy eased slightly by 0.2 percentage points to 95.6%, primarily due to client downsizing of non-data centre space, whilst the portfolio weighted average lease expiry (WALE) remained healthy at 6.5 years. Positive Financial Metrics Support Growth Strategy The REIT's financial position showed continued strength with the average cost of debt declining 20 basis points quarter-on-quarter to 2.6%, with 84.8% of loans secured on fixed rates. Aggregate leverage stood at 35.1%, providing approximately S$550 million of debt headroom against the 40% internal cap to support future acquisitions. Management expects the cost of debt to remain stable at 2.6% through FY26, with only 8.5% of debt due for refinancing during the year. Ongoing Challenges in Guangdong Operations The primary concern remains the ongoing weakness at the Guangdong Data Centres, where KDCREIT continues to recognise loss allowances for overdue rent. Bluesea, the master lessee, has accumulated over S$55 million in unpaid rent to date, with chip availability continuing to present bottlenecks in China. Phillip Securities Research maintains an ACCUMULATE recommendation with an unchanged dividend discount model-derived target price of S$2.37. The potential recovery of overdue rent from Bluesea remains a key catalyst, though this issue remains unresolved. The stock currently trades at an FY26 DPU yield of 4.6%. Frequently Asked Questions [market_journal_faq] This article has been auto-generated using PhillipGPT. It is based on a report by a Phillip Securities Research analyst. Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. Past performance figures as well as any projection or forecast used in these commentaries are not necessarily indicative of future or likely performance. Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (PSPL), its directors, connected persons or employees may from time to time have an interest in the financial instruments mentioned in these commentaries. The information contained in these commentaries has been obtained from public sources which PSPL has no reason to believe are unreliable and any analysis, forecasts, projections, expectations and opinions (collectively the “Research”) contained in these commentaries are based on such information and are expressions of belief only. PSPL has not verified this information and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made that such information or Research is accurate, complete or verified or should be relied upon as such. Any such information or Research contained in these commentaries are subject to change, and PSPL shall not have any responsibility to maintain the information or Research made available or to supply any corrections, updates or releases in connection therewith. In no event will PSPL be liable for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages which may be incurred from the use of the information or Research made available, even if it has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The companies and their employees mentioned in these commentaries cannot be held liable for any errors, inaccuracies and/or omissions howsoever caused. Any opinion or advice herein is made on a general basis and is subject to change without notice. The information provided in these commentaries may contain optimistic statements regarding future events or future financial performance of countries, markets or companies. You must make your own financial assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information provided in these commentaries. Views and any strategies described in these commentaries may not be suitable for all investors. Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other units of PSPL or its connected persons and associates. Any reference to or discussion of investment products or commodities in these commentaries is purely for illustrative purposes only and must not be construed as a recommendation, an offer or solicitation for the subscription, purchase or sale of the investment products or commodities mentioned. This advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

JPMorgan Chase Upgraded to ACCUMULATE on Record Markets Revenue and Fee Income Recovery, US$335 Target Price

Published on Apr 28, 2026 28

Company Overview JPMorgan Chase & Co stands as one of America's largest financial institutions, operating across multiple segments including Corporate & Investment Banking (CIB), Consumer & Community Banking (CCB), and Asset & Wealth Management (AWM). The bank serves millions of consumers and corporate clients globally through its comprehensive suite of banking, investment, and financial services. Strong Quarterly Performance Drives Upgrade Phillip Securities Research has upgraded JPMorgan Chase to ACCUMULATE from Neutral, raising the target price to US$335 from US$320 previously. This upgrade follows the bank's impressive 1Q26 performance, where profit after tax and minority interests (PATMI) surged 13% year-on-year to US$16.5 billion, significantly beating estimates at 27% of the full-year forecast. The upgrade reflects raised FY26 earnings estimates by 4%, driven by higher principal transaction and investment banking projections. The firm's valuation methodology assumes 2.66x FY26 price-to-book value and a return on equity estimate of 21.5%. Key Performance Drivers The Positives The Corporate & Investment Bank delivered exceptional results with record market revenue performance. CIB net income jumped 30% year-on-year to US$9.0 billion, whilst revenue climbed 19% to US$23.4 billion. Markets revenue reached a record US$11.6 billion, up 20% year-on-year, with Fixed Income gaining 21% and Equity Markets advancing 17% on robust client activity. Investment banking fees demonstrated strong recovery, rising 28% year-on-year to US$2.9 billion, driven by higher advisory and equity underwriting fees as merger and acquisition and IPO pipelines reopened. Asset & Wealth Management also performed well, with assets under management increasing 16% year-on-year to US$4.8 trillion and net income up 12%. Net interest income growth remained sustained through balance sheet expansion, rising 9% year-on-year to US$25.5 billion despite net interest margin declining by 8 basis points. This growth stemmed from higher deposit balances and revolving Card Services balances. Average loans expanded 11% year-on-year to US$1.5 trillion, whilst deposits grew 7% to US$2.6 trillion. Outlook and Valuation The bank's current valuation of 14x price-to-earnings ratio, compared to the 10-year average of 12x, appears justified given JPMorgan's best-in-class return on tangible common equity of 23%, fortress balance sheet, and superior franchise quality. The 1Q26 earnings beat signals the beginning of a sustainable recovery in fee income, with continued investment banking momentum expected through FY26. Frequently Asked Questions Q: What is Phillip Securities Research's new recommendation and target price for JPMorgan Chase? A: Phillip Securities Research upgraded JPMorgan Chase to ACCUMULATE from Neutral with a target price of US$335, raised from the previous US$320. Q: How did JPMorgan's 1Q26 earnings perform against expectations? A: JPMorgan's 1Q26 PATMI rose 13% year-on-year to US$16.5 billion, beating estimates at 27% of the full-year forecast, driven by record markets revenue and strong investment banking fees. Q: What drove the record performance in the Corporate & Investment Bank? A: CIB delivered record markets revenue of US$11.6 billion (+20% YoY) with Fixed Income up 21% and Equity Markets up 17%. Investment banking fees rose 28% to US$2.9 billion on higher advisory and equity underwriting fees. Q: How did net interest income perform despite margin compression? A: Net interest income rose 9% year-on-year to US$25.5 billion, supported by higher deposit balances and revolving Card Services balances, even though net interest margin declined by 8 basis points. Q: What are the key growth drivers supporting the upgrade? A: The upgrade is supported by the reopening M&A and ECM pipeline driving investment banking, asset management tailwinds with AUM up 16% year-on-year, and resilient consumer balances supporting AWM and CCB segments. Q: How has JPMorgan's balance sheet expanded? A: Average loans grew 11% year-on-year to US$1.5 trillion, deposits increased 7% year-on-year to US$2.6 trillion, and Asset & Wealth Management AUM rose 16% to US$4.8 trillion. Q: What guidance changes did JPMorgan announce? A: JPMorgan trimmed its FY26 total net interest income guidance to US$103 billion from the previous US$104.5 billion, whilst maintaining expense guidance of US$105 billion. Q: How does JPMorgan's current valuation compare to historical averages? A: JPMorgan trades at 14x price-to-earnings ratio versus the 10-year average of 12x, which is justified by its best-in-class 23% return on tangible common equity, fortress balance sheet, and franchise quality. This article has been auto-generated using PhillipGPT. It is based on a report by a Phillip Securities Research analyst. Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. Past performance figures as well as any projection or forecast used in these commentaries are not necessarily indicative of future or likely performance. Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (PSPL), its directors, connected persons or employees may from time to time have an interest in the financial instruments mentioned in these commentaries. The information contained in these commentaries has been obtained from public sources which PSPL has no reason to believe are unreliable and any analysis, forecasts, projections, expectations and opinions (collectively the “Research”) contained in these commentaries are based on such information and are expressions of belief only. PSPL has not verified this information and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made that such information or Research is accurate, complete or verified or should be relied upon as such. Any such information or Research contained in these commentaries are subject to change, and PSPL shall not have any responsibility to maintain the information or Research made available or to supply any corrections, updates or releases in connection therewith. In no event will PSPL be liable for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages which may be incurred from the use of the information or Research made available, even if it has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The companies and their employees mentioned in these commentaries cannot be held liable for any errors, inaccuracies and/or omissions howsoever caused. Any opinion or advice herein is made on a general basis and is subject to change without notice. The information provided in these commentaries may contain optimistic statements regarding future events or future financial performance of countries, markets or companies. You must make your own financial assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information provided in these commentaries. Views and any strategies described in these commentaries may not be suitable for all investors. Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other units of PSPL or its connected persons and associates. Any reference to or discussion of investment products or commodities in these commentaries is purely for illustrative purposes only and must not be construed as a recommendation, an offer or solicitation for the subscription, purchase or sale of the investment products or commodities mentioned. This advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

Bank of America Delivers Strong Operating Leverage with 17% PATMI Growth and Raised Guidance

Published on Apr 28, 2026 17

Company Overview Bank of America Corporation stands as one of America's leading financial institutions, operating a diversified business model encompassing consumer banking, global markets, investment banking, and wealth management services. The bank maintains a substantial deposit base of US$2.02 trillion and serves clients across multiple financial sectors. Strong Financial Performance Drives Earnings Growth Bank of America reported impressive first quarter 2026 results, with profit after tax and minority interest (PATMI) surging 17% year-on-year to US$8.6 billion. This performance exceeded estimates, representing 26% of the full-year 2026 forecast. The bank achieved significant operating leverage of 290 basis points as revenue growth of 7% outpaced expense increases of just 4%. The efficiency ratio improved substantially by 170 basis points to 61%, with every business segment contributing to year-on-year net income growth. Key Positives Drive Performance Net interest income acceleration formed a cornerstone of the strong results, rising 9% year-on-year to US$15.7 billion, marking the sixth consecutive quarter of year-on-year growth. This improvement stemmed from increased Global Markets activity, fixed-rate asset repricing benefits, and robust balance sheet expansion. Average deposits grew 3% year-on-year to US$2.02 trillion, whilst average loans increased 9% to US$1.19 trillion. Management's confidence in the outlook led to raised full-year 2026 net interest income guidance to 6-8%, up from the previous 5-7% range. Fee income segments delivered exceptional performance, with sales and trading revenue climbing 13% year-on-year to US$6.4 billion. Record equities revenue of US$2.8 billion represented 30% year-on-year growth, the highest increase in over 15 years, driven by March oil price volatility spurring client activity. Investment banking fees jumped 21% year-on-year to US$1.8 billion, surpassing consensus estimates of US$1.73 billion, supported by advisory and equity underwriting strength. Credit quality remained benign throughout the period, with provisions declining 10% year-on-year to US$1.3 billion. Net charge-offs improved 3% year-on-year to US$1.4 billion, whilst the net charge-off rate decreased 6 basis points to 0.48%. Management expressed confidence in the economic outlook, citing healthy client activity and stable asset quality. Investment Recommendation Phillip Securities Research maintains an ACCUMULATE recommendation with an unchanged target price of US$60, based on a Gordon Growth Model valuation assuming 1.48x FY26e price-to-book value and 15.3% return on equity estimate. Frequently Asked Questions Q: What was Bank of America's PATMI growth in Q1 2026? A: Bank of America's PATMI rose 17% year-on-year to US$8.6 billion, slightly above estimates and representing 26% of the full-year 2026 forecast. Q: How much operating leverage did the bank achieve? A: The bank generated 290 basis points of operating leverage as revenue grew 7% year-on-year whilst expense growth was limited to 4%. Q: What is Phillip Securities Research's recommendation and target price? A: Phillip Securities Research maintains an ACCUMULATE recommendation with an unchanged target price of US$60. Q: How did net interest income perform? A: Net interest income rose 9% year-on-year to US$15.7 billion, marking the sixth consecutive quarter of year-on-year growth, driven by Global Markets activity, fixed-rate repricing, and balance sheet expansion. Q: What were the standout fee income performances? A: Equities trading achieved record revenue of US$2.8 billion (+30% year-on-year), whilst investment banking fees jumped 21% year-on-year to US$1.8 billion, beating consensus estimates. Q: How is the bank's credit quality? A: Credit quality remains benign with provisions falling 10% year-on-year to US$1.3 billion and net charge-offs declining 3% year-on-year to US$1.4 billion. Q: What is the updated NII guidance for FY26? A: Management raised FY26 net interest income guidance to approximately 6% to 8% growth, up from the previous 5% to 7% range. Q: How much did the bank return to shareholders? A: The dividend per share was raised 8% year-on-year to US$0.28, and common stock net repurchases amounted to US$7.2 billion compared to US$4.5 billion in Q1 2025. This article has been auto-generated using PhillipGPT. It is based on a report by a Phillip Securities Research analyst. Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. Past performance figures as well as any projection or forecast used in these commentaries are not necessarily indicative of future or likely performance. Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (PSPL), its directors, connected persons or employees may from time to time have an interest in the financial instruments mentioned in these commentaries. The information contained in these commentaries has been obtained from public sources which PSPL has no reason to believe are unreliable and any analysis, forecasts, projections, expectations and opinions (collectively the “Research”) contained in these commentaries are based on such information and are expressions of belief only. PSPL has not verified this information and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made that such information or Research is accurate, complete or verified or should be relied upon as such. Any such information or Research contained in these commentaries are subject to change, and PSPL shall not have any responsibility to maintain the information or Research made available or to supply any corrections, updates or releases in connection therewith. In no event will PSPL be liable for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages which may be incurred from the use of the information or Research made available, even if it has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The companies and their employees mentioned in these commentaries cannot be held liable for any errors, inaccuracies and/or omissions howsoever caused. Any opinion or advice herein is made on a general basis and is subject to change without notice. The information provided in these commentaries may contain optimistic statements regarding future events or future financial performance of countries, markets or companies. You must make your own financial assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information provided in these commentaries. Views and any strategies described in these commentaries may not be suitable for all investors. Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other units of PSPL or its connected persons and associates. Any reference to or discussion of investment products or commodities in these commentaries is purely for illustrative purposes only and must not be construed as a recommendation, an offer or solicitation for the subscription, purchase or sale of the investment products or commodities mentioned. This advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

Nanofilm Technologies Positioned for Strong Comeback on 3C Growth and Semiconductor Expansion

Published on Apr 28, 2026 35

Company Overview Nanofilm Technologies International Limited is a Singapore-headquartered surface solutions specialist founded in 1999 and listed on the SGX Mainboard in October 2020. The company specialises in vacuum deposition technologies, particularly its patented Filtered Cathodic Vacuum Arc (FCVA) technology, serving diverse sectors including computers, communications, consumer electronics (3C), automotive, precision engineering, and semiconductors. With operations spanning Singapore, China, Japan, Vietnam, India, and Europe, Nanofilm provides critical coating solutions that enhance product durability and functionality. Strong Performance Driven by Watch Programme Expansion Nanofilm demonstrated robust momentum in the second half of 2025, with revenue climbing 13% year-on-year to S$137.4 million. This growth was primarily fuelled by new watch programmes from Customer Z, the company's largest client representing one of the world's most popular smartphone brands. Notably, Customer Z's revenue contribution has been strategically diversified, decreasing from 78% during the company's Mainboard listing to 60% currently, indicating improved customer diversification. The company's growth trajectory has been further supported by contributions from EuropCoating, a European semiconductor wafer carrier coating specialist, alongside increased demand for mould coaters used in optical lens applications. These developments highlight Nanofilm's expanding market reach across multiple high-value segments. Semiconductor and Automotive Expansion Plans Looking ahead, Nanofilm targets double-digit growth in 2026 across its semiconductor, automotive, and industrial segments. The company expects to launch a new semiconductor programme this year, leveraging its FCVA technology for wafer lapping carriers. This application involves applying tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) layers to provide hard, low-friction surfaces ensuring stable wafer alignment during semiconductor manufacturing's polishing stage. Financial Recovery and Valuation Appeal Nanofilm's financial position has strengthened considerably, with free cash flow returning to positive territory at S$1.8 million in FY25 after two consecutive years of negative cash flow. This turnaround was driven by a remarkable 129% year-on-year surge in operating cash flow to S$48.6 million, supported by a 38% increase in profit after tax and an S$18.2 million improvement in working capital management. The company trades at an attractive 1.2x price-to-book ratio, representing a significant 61% discount to the peer average of 3.1x, suggesting potential value for investors seeking exposure to advanced manufacturing technologies. Frequently Asked Questions Q: What is Nanofilm Technologies' core business? A: Nanofilm specialises in surface solutions based on vacuum deposition technology, particularly its patented Filtered Cathodic Vacuum Arc (FCVA) technology, serving sectors including 3C electronics, automotive, precision engineering, and semiconductors. Q: How did Nanofilm perform financially in 2H25? A: The company achieved 13% year-on-year revenue growth to S$137.4 million in 2H25, driven primarily by new watch programmes from its largest customer. Q: Who is Customer Z and what is their significance? A: Customer Z is Nanofilm's largest client, representing one of the world's most popular smartphone brands. They currently contribute 60% of Nanofilm's revenue, down from 78% during the company's listing, showing improved customer diversification. Q: What drove the improvement in Nanofilm's cash flow position? A: FY25 free cash flow turned positive at S$1.8 million after two years of negative cash flow, driven by a 129% surge in operating cash flow to S$48.6 million due to higher profits and improved working capital management. Q: What growth opportunities does Nanofilm see in semiconductors? A: The company expects to launch a new semiconductor programme in 2026, targeting double-digit growth. Their FCVA technology is used for wafer lapping carriers, applying tetrahedral amorphous carbon layers for stable wafer alignment during polishing. Q: How does Nanofilm's valuation compare to peers? A: Nanofilm trades at 1.2x price-to-book ratio, representing a 61% discount to the peer average of 3.1x, suggesting the stock may be undervalued relative to comparable companies. Q: What are Nanofilm's key coating technologies and applications? A: The company offers FCVA, FCVA-hybrid, and tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) coating solutions applied to watch enclosures for durability enhancement and smartphone internal components to prevent short circuits. This article has been auto-generated using PhillipGPT. It is based on a report by a Phillip Securities Research analyst. Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. Past performance figures as well as any projection or forecast used in these commentaries are not necessarily indicative of future or likely performance. Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (PSPL), its directors, connected persons or employees may from time to time have an interest in the financial instruments mentioned in these commentaries. The information contained in these commentaries has been obtained from public sources which PSPL has no reason to believe are unreliable and any analysis, forecasts, projections, expectations and opinions (collectively the “Research”) contained in these commentaries are based on such information and are expressions of belief only. PSPL has not verified this information and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made that such information or Research is accurate, complete or verified or should be relied upon as such. Any such information or Research contained in these commentaries are subject to change, and PSPL shall not have any responsibility to maintain the information or Research made available or to supply any corrections, updates or releases in connection therewith. In no event will PSPL be liable for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages which may be incurred from the use of the information or Research made available, even if it has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The companies and their employees mentioned in these commentaries cannot be held liable for any errors, inaccuracies and/or omissions howsoever caused. Any opinion or advice herein is made on a general basis and is subject to change without notice. The information provided in these commentaries may contain optimistic statements regarding future events or future financial performance of countries, markets or companies. You must make your own financial assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information provided in these commentaries. Views and any strategies described in these commentaries may not be suitable for all investors. Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other units of PSPL or its connected persons and associates. Any reference to or discussion of investment products or commodities in these commentaries is purely for illustrative purposes only and must not be construed as a recommendation, an offer or solicitation for the subscription, purchase or sale of the investment products or commodities mentioned. This advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

Amova-StraitsTrading Asia ex Japan REIT ETF Faces Dividend Pressure, Target Price Cut to S$0.795

Published on Apr 28, 2026 18

Company Overview The Amova-StraitsTrading Asia ex Japan REIT ETF (AXJREITS) provides investors with diversified exposure to real estate investment trusts across Asia, excluding Japan. The ETF maintains a well-balanced portfolio across eight different sectors, with industrial properties representing the largest allocation at 24.8%, followed by retail at 24.6%. The fund's top holdings have seen some reshuffling, with CapitaLand Integrated Commercial Trust advancing from third to first position whilst maintaining the same three leading constituents. Valuation and Target Price Adjustment Phillip Securities Research has revised its target price for AXJREITS downward to S$0.795, reduced from the previous S$0.84, whilst maintaining an ACCUMULATE recommendation. The valuation methodology combines historical dividend yield spread and price-to-book ratios, generating prices of S$0.79 and S$0.80 respectively. Equal weighting of both valuation approaches resulted in the new target price. Dividend Performance Challenges The ETF faces significant dividend headwinds, with its distribution per unit (DPU) currently sitting below negative one standard deviation from historical norms. This underperformance contrasts with comparable Singapore-focused REIT ETFs, including the Lion-Phillip S-REIT ETF (SREITS) and CSOP iEdge S-REIT Leaders Index ETF (SRT), both of which maintain DPU levels closer to their long-term averages. Market Pressures and Sector Vulnerabilities Several factors contribute to AXJREITS' dividend challenges. The ETF demonstrates higher interest rate sensitivity compared to Singapore REITs, making it more vulnerable to monetary policy changes. Additionally, weaker property markets, particularly in China and Hong Kong, have negatively impacted performance. The fund's sector composition also presents challenges, with greater exposure to office and retail properties compared to Singapore REITs, sectors that have proven less resilient in current market conditions. Frequently Asked Questions Q: What is Phillip Securities Research's current recommendation and target price for AXJREITS? A: Phillip Securities Research maintains an ACCUMULATE recommendation for AXJREITS with a revised target price of S$0.795, lowered from the previous S$0.84. Q: How does AXJREITS' dividend performance compare to other REIT ETFs? A: AXJREITS' distribution per unit is currently below negative one standard deviation from historical averages, whilst comparable Singapore REIT ETFs like SREITS and SRT maintain DPU levels closer to their long-term averages. Q: What are the largest sector allocations in AXJREITS? A: Industrial properties represent the largest sector allocation at 24.8%, followed by retail at 24.6%. The ETF is diversified across eight different sectors in total. Q: Which factors are pressuring AXJREITS' dividend performance? A: Three main factors contribute to dividend pressure: higher interest rate sensitivity, weaker property markets particularly in China and Hong Kong, and a less resilient sector mix with more office and retail exposure. Q: How did the top holdings change in AXJREITS? A: Whilst the top three holdings remain the same companies, CapitaLand Integrated Commercial Trust moved up from third position to become the largest holding in the ETF. Q: What valuation methodology does Phillip Securities Research use for AXJREITS? A: The research firm uses a combination of historical dividend yield spread and price-to-book ratios, applying equal weighting to both valuation methods to determine the target price. Q: What geographic markets are affecting AXJREITS' performance? A: China and Hong Kong property markets have shown particular weakness, negatively impacting the ETF's overall performance given its Asia ex-Japan exposure. This article has been auto-generated using PhillipGPT. It is based on a report by a Phillip Securities Research analyst. Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. Past performance figures as well as any projection or forecast used in these commentaries are not necessarily indicative of future or likely performance. Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (PSPL), its directors, connected persons or employees may from time to time have an interest in the financial instruments mentioned in these commentaries. The information contained in these commentaries has been obtained from public sources which PSPL has no reason to believe are unreliable and any analysis, forecasts, projections, expectations and opinions (collectively the “Research”) contained in these commentaries are based on such information and are expressions of belief only. PSPL has not verified this information and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made that such information or Research is accurate, complete or verified or should be relied upon as such. Any such information or Research contained in these commentaries are subject to change, and PSPL shall not have any responsibility to maintain the information or Research made available or to supply any corrections, updates or releases in connection therewith. In no event will PSPL be liable for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages which may be incurred from the use of the information or Research made available, even if it has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The companies and their employees mentioned in these commentaries cannot be held liable for any errors, inaccuracies and/or omissions howsoever caused. Any opinion or advice herein is made on a general basis and is subject to change without notice. The information provided in these commentaries may contain optimistic statements regarding future events or future financial performance of countries, markets or companies. You must make your own financial assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information provided in these commentaries. Views and any strategies described in these commentaries may not be suitable for all investors. Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other units of PSPL or its connected persons and associates. Any reference to or discussion of investment products or commodities in these commentaries is purely for illustrative purposes only and must not be construed as a recommendation, an offer or solicitation for the subscription, purchase or sale of the investment products or commodities mentioned. This advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

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