Cost Basis

Cost basis is a fundamental concept in investing, serving as the cornerstone for calculating capital gains or losses upon the sale of an asset. Whether you’re dealing with stocks, mutual funds, or digital assets, understanding cost basis is essential for accurate tax reporting and effective investment management. This guide aims to demystify cost basis, explaining its significance, calculation methods, and implications for various investment scenarios.

Table of Contents

What is Cost Basis?
Understanding Cost Basis
Importance of Cost Basis
Different Methods for Calculating Cost Basis
Examples of Cost Basis
Frequently Asked Questions

What is Cost Basis?

Cost basis refers to the original value of an asset for tax purposes, typically the purchase price, adjusted for factors such as commissions, fees, and reinvested dividends. It’s crucial for determining the capital gain or loss when an asset is sold. For instance, if you purchase shares of a company, your cost basis includes the price paid per share plus any associated transaction costs. Adjustments to the cost basis may occur due to events like stock splits, dividends, or return of capital distributions. Accurate tracking of cost basis ensures compliance with tax regulations and helps investors understand their investment performance.

Understanding Cost Basis

The concept of cost basis is straightforward: it represents the total amount invested in an asset, adjusted for certain factors over time. For example, if you buy 100 shares of a company at $ 10 each, your cost basis is $ 1,000. If you pay a US$20 commission, your total cost basis becomes US$1,020. If you later reinvest dividends to purchase more shares, those amounts are added to your cost basis. Adjustments may also be needed for events like stock splits or capital returns, which can change the number of shares you own and the per-share cost basis, but not the total cost basis.

Importance of Cost Basis

Understanding and accurately tracking your cost basis is crucial for several reasons:

Tax Reporting: The cost basis is used to calculate capital gains or losses when you sell an investment, determining how much tax you owe or can deduct.

Avoiding Double Taxation: If you reinvest dividends or capital gains without adjusting your cost basis, you may pay taxes twice on the same amount.

Investment Performance: Knowing your cost basis enables you to accurately evaluate the true performance of your investments over time.

Regulatory Compliance: In the US, brokers are required to report the cost basis to the IRS, and errors can result in tax penalties.

Different Methods for Calculating Cost Basis

Several methods exist for calculating cost basis, especially when you buy the same investment at different times and prices:

First-In, First-Out (FIFO): This method assumes that the first shares bought are the first sold. This method is commonly used and is the default for many brokerages.

Last-In, First-Out (LIFO): Assumes the most recently purchased shares are sold first. This method can result in different tax implications compared to FIFO.

Average Cost: Calculates the average purchase price of all shares owned. This method is often used for mutual funds and ETFs.

Specific Identification: Allows you to choose which specific shares (lots) to sell, based on purchase date and price. This method can be used for tax optimisation strategies.

Adjusted Cost Basis: Adjusts for events like stock splits, dividends, or capital returns. This method applies to all asset types.

Examples of Cost Basis

Example 1: Simple Stock Purchase (US Market)

You buy 100 shares of Company A at US$10 each, paying a US$10 commission.

Total cost basis = (100 x US$10) + US$10 = US$1,010.
If you sell 100 shares for US$15 each, your capital gain is (US$1,500 – US$1,010) = US$490.

Example 2: Stock Split (US Market)

You own 100 shares at $ 10 each (cost basis: $ 1,000). The company announces a 2:1 split, so you now have 200 shares.

New cost basis per share = US$1,000 / 200 = US$5 per share.

Total cost basis remains US$1,000.

Example 3: Mutual Fund with Dividend Reinvestment (Singapore Market)

You buy 100 units of a mutual fund at SGX 10 each. Over time, you reinvest SGX 100 in dividends to buy 10 more units at SGX 10 each.

Total cost basis = (100 x US$10) + US$100 = SGX 1,100.

Total units = 110.

Average cost basis per unit = US$1,100 / 110 = SGX 10.

Frequently Asked Questions

How to Avoid Common Mistakes in Cost Basis Reporting?

Keep Detailed Records: Track all purchases, sales, reinvestments, and corporate actions.
Update for Adjustments: Adjust your cost basis for events like splits, dividends, and returns of capital.

Use Broker Tools: Most brokers provide cost basis tracking and tax forms—review them for accuracy.

Choose the Right Method: Select the cost basis method that fits your investment and tax strategy, and be consistent.

How Do I Determine the Cost Basis of My Stocks or Mutual Funds?

For Stocks: Add up the purchase price and any commissions or fees paid.

For Mutual Funds: Use the average cost method if you made multiple purchases or reinvestments, or specific identification if you track each lot separately.

Check Broker Statements: Brokers often provide cost basis information on your account statements or tax forms.

How Do Stock Splits or Dividends Affect My Cost Basis?

Stock Splits: Increase the number of shares you own but reduce the cost basis per share. The total cost basis remains unchanged.
Dividends (Reinvested): Add the amount reinvested to your total cost basis, increasing the overall investment amount.

Return of Capital: Reduces your cost basis, as it is not a taxable dividend but a return of part of your original investment.

How to Track Cost Basis in Cryptocurrency and Digital Assets?

Record Every Transaction: Track the date, amount, and price for each purchase, sale, or transfer.
Account for Fees: Add transaction fees to your cost basis.

Use FIFO or Specific Identification: Most tax authorities allow FIFO, but specific identification may be used if you can document it.

Use Digital Tools: Many exchanges and tax software provide cost basis tracking for cryptocurrencies.

How to Adjust Cost Basis for Stock Splits, Dividends, and Return of Capital?

Stock Splits: Divide your original cost basis by the new number of shares after the split.
Dividends (Reinvested): Add the reinvested amount to your cost basis for each new purchase.

Return of Capital: Subtract the returned amount from your cost basis, as it is not taxable income but a reduction of your investment.

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Singapore REITs Navigate Interest Rate Headwinds with Selective Opportunities, Phillip Securities Maintains OVERWEIGHT Stance

Published on Jun 26, 2026 22

Market Performance and Outlook Singapore REITs faced headwinds in May 2026, with the S-REITs Index declining 1.6% as markets increasingly priced in potential interest rate hikes, reversing the previous month's 3.2% gain. Despite this setback, Phillip Securities Research maintains its OVERWEIGHT stance on the sector, while adopting a selective approach given the current interest rate environment. The performance disparity within the sector was notable. AIMS APAC REIT led gains at 4.6% following strong FY26 results, while Acrophyte Hospitality Trust suffered a significant 20% decline due to severe weather conditions and rising operating costs affecting its 1Q26 performance. Sector-wise, overseas retail emerged as the best-performing sub-sector with a 0.3% gain, whilst overseas commercial lagged with a 3.5% decline as US-office REITs reacted negatively to higher interest rate prospects. Interest Rate Environment and Growth Expectations The global monetary policy landscape remains mixed, with the ECB and BOJ raising policy rates by 25 basis points in June, whilst the Fed maintained rates unchanged at 3.50% to 3.75%. However, the Fed's dot plot indicates potential for one rate hike in 2026, with markets pricing in two rate hikes by year-end. Despite these concerns, Phillip Securities expects approximately 80% of S-REITs to benefit from stable or lower financing costs, as benchmark interest rates remain lower year-on-year. The 3M SORA has declined over 110 basis points year-on-year to approximately 1.08%, providing tailwinds for Singapore REITs with SGD-denominated debt due for refinancing. This favourable environment, combined with rental growth of 1% to 3% from contractual escalations and positive reversions, should support average DPU growth of approximately 3% year-on-year for covered S-REITs in FY26e. Investment Strategy and Top Picks Phillip Securities' investment preference centres on REITs with robust balance sheets, defensive earnings profiles, and higher proportions of fixed-rate borrowings. The firm particularly favours retail S-REITs, supported by healthy tenant sales and limited new supply, which should underpin mid- to high-single-digit rental reversions in 2026. The research house's top picks include Stoneweg Europe Stapled Trust (BUY, target price: €1.89), Elite UK REIT (BUY, target price: £0.41), United Hampshire US REIT (BUY, target price: US$0.69), and Prime US REIT (BUY, target price: US$0.32). Stoneweg Europe Stapled Trust stands out with 87% of debt hedged through late 2027 and FY26e cost of debt to remain below 4% despite recent ECB rate hikes.It is also trading at a 25% discount to NAV, with an attractive 8.6% dividend yield. Frequently Asked Questions [market_journal_faq] This article has been auto-generated using PhillipGPT. It is based on a report by a Phillip Securities Research analyst. Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. Past performance figures as well as any projection or forecast used in these commentaries are not necessarily indicative of future or likely performance. Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (PSPL), its directors, connected persons or employees may from time to time have an interest in the financial instruments mentioned in these commentaries. The information contained in these commentaries has been obtained from public sources which PSPL has no reason to believe are unreliable and any analysis, forecasts, projections, expectations and opinions (collectively the “Research”) contained in these commentaries are based on such information and are expressions of belief only. PSPL has not verified this information and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made that such information or Research is accurate, complete or verified or should be relied upon as such. Any such information or Research contained in these commentaries are subject to change, and PSPL shall not have any responsibility to maintain the information or Research made available or to supply any corrections, updates or releases in connection therewith. In no event will PSPL be liable for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages which may be incurred from the use of the information or Research made available, even if it has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The companies and their employees mentioned in these commentaries cannot be held liable for any errors, inaccuracies and/or omissions howsoever caused. Any opinion or advice herein is made on a general basis and is subject to change without notice. The information provided in these commentaries may contain optimistic statements regarding future events or future financial performance of countries, markets or companies. You must make your own financial assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information provided in these commentaries. Views and any strategies described in these commentaries may not be suitable for all investors. Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other units of PSPL or its connected persons and associates. Any reference to or discussion of investment products or commodities in these commentaries is purely for illustrative purposes only and must not be construed as a recommendation, an offer or solicitation for the subscription, purchase or sale of the investment products or commodities mentioned. This advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

Unlock Hidden Income in Your Portfolio

Published on Jun 24, 2026 74

Did you know that the shares sitting in your portfolio can generate additional income—without you needing to sell them? Securities lending gives investors the opportunity to earn extra returns on their existing investments by lending their shares to other market participants for a fee. It is a widely used practice in global financial markets and can help you maximise the value of your portfolio. What Is Securities Lending? Securities lending allows you to temporarily lend your shares to borrowers (such as institutional investors or traders) who require them for trading or investment purposes. In return, you receive: Lending income – Earn a fee while your shares are on loan Collateral protection – Your loan is backed by collateral, which is monitored daily Continued market exposure – You still benefit from price movements of your shares This means your portfolio continues to work for you—even when you are not actively trading. Why Do Borrowers Need Your Shares? Borrowing demand comes from various market activities, including: Short selling - When investors expect prices to fall Market making – To provide liquidity in the market Hedging strategies – To manage risk across investment positions These activities are essential to keeping markets efficient and liquid, while creating opportunities for investors like you to earn additional income. Interesting Facts About Securities Lending Not all stocks earn the same lending returns Some stocks are in higher demand and can generate significantly higher fees Demand can fluctuate depending on market trends, news, or corporate events Stocks with limited supply or high short interest are often more valuable to lend In the market, stocks are often classified as: General Collateral (GC) – Commonly available stocks with steady but lower returns “Hot” Stocks (Specials) – Rare or high-demand stocks that can generate premium lending income Opportunity: High-Demand (“Hot”) Stocks At times, certain stocks experience strong borrowing demand due to: Corporate actions, such as mergers or index changes Market speculation or short interest Tight supply in the market When your holdings fall into this category, you may enjoy higher lending income without making any change to your investment strategy. Why Consider Securities Lending? Generate passive income from your existing holdings Enhance overall portfolio yield No need to actively manage trades Benefit from opportunities when demand spikes Getting Started Securities lending can be seamlessly integrated into your account. With your consent, eligible shares can be made available for lending, and any income earned will be credited to your account on a monthly basis. Simply open SBL account on poems.com.sg Alternatively, you may reach out to our team at sbl@phillip.com.sg for a personalised review and guidance on how to maximise your lending opportunities. Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. Past performance figures as well as any projection or forecast used in these commentaries are not necessarily indicative of future or likely performance. Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (PSPL), its directors, connected persons or employees may from time to time have an interest in the financial instruments mentioned in these commentaries. The information contained in these commentaries has been obtained from public sources which PSPL has no reason to believe are unreliable and any analysis, forecasts, projections, expectations and opinions (collectively the “Research”) contained in these commentaries are based on such information and are expressions of belief only. PSPL has not verified this information and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made that such information or Research is accurate, complete or verified or should be relied upon as such. Any such information or Research contained in these commentaries are subject to change, and PSPL shall not have any responsibility to maintain the information or Research made available or to supply any corrections, updates or releases in connection therewith. In no event will PSPL be liable for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages which may be incurred from the use of the information or Research made available, even if it has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The companies and their employees mentioned in these commentaries cannot be held liable for any errors, inaccuracies and/or omissions howsoever caused. Any opinion or advice herein is made on a general basis and is subject to change without notice. The information provided in these commentaries may contain optimistic statements regarding future events or future financial performance of countries, markets or companies. You must make your own financial assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information provided in these commentaries. Views and any strategies described in these commentaries may not be suitable for all investors. Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other units of PSPL or its connected persons and associates. Any reference to or discussion of investment products or commodities in these commentaries is purely for illustrative purposes only and must not be construed as a recommendation, an offer or solicitation for the subscription, purchase or sale of the investment products or commodities mentioned. This advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

Buying the Dip: When are Lower Prices an Opportunity and When are They a Trap

Published on Jun 23, 2026 135

“Buying the dip” is a common investing strategy among retail investors. A share price falls, an index pulls back, or a familiar company suddenly appears cheaper than it did just a few weeks earlier, and the instinctive reaction for savvy investors is to view it as an opportunity. Over the long term, equity markets generally reward patient investors who stay invested despite market volatility. In recent years especially, many market pullbacks were followed by relatively swift recoveries, reinforcing the belief that weakness should be bought rather than feared. The danger, however, is that investors may begin treating every decline as though it represents the same opportunity to “buy the dip”. A lower price does not always equate to better value. Sometimes a sell-off reflects short-term nerves, excessive pessimism or a temporary mismatch between price and fundamentals. At other times, it may point to something more serious: weaker earnings expectations, stretched valuations, changing industry dynamics, higher financing costs or a business model under pressure. That distinction sits at the heart of disciplined investing. Instead of simply asking, “is this cheaper than before?”, investors may benefit more by asking, “does this lower price improve the risk-reward of my portfolio?” Not every pullback is created equal A broad market decline is very different from a fall in an individual stock. When a diversified global index falls, long-term investors may benefit from a greater degree of protection because their risk is spread across many companies, sectors and regions. However, when an individual stock, sector fund or thematic ETF falls, investors are effectively making a more concentrated bet on one company, industry or investment theme. This requires a deeper level of analysis. Investors should consider whether the decline is caused by short-term sentiment or a real deterioration in fundamentals, such as weaker earnings, higher debt costs, loss of pricing power or disruption to the business model. For example, if the MSCI World Index falls 10% during a broad market sell-off, a long-term investor knows that this is a diversified investment which should have a good chance of recovery and long-term growth. Compare that to Peloton (NASDAQ: PTON), which is often cited as a value-trap example. After peaking at about US$167.42 on 13 January 2021, the stock continued falling through 2021 and 2022 as demand weakened and profitability deteriorated. The lower price did not automatically represent good value. Instead, it reflected a genuine deterioration in the company’s future prospects. What Makes Today’s Environment Feel Different Today’s environment feels different because of the speed. During the GlobalFinancial Crisis in 2008, markets took many months to hit the bottom. By comparison, during the COVID-19 crisis, markets fell sharply within weeks but also recovered within months, whereas the post-2008 recovery took years. For many investors who remained on the sidelines, the fear of missing out (FOMO) became very real. Investors need to remember that time in the market generally outperforms timing the market because staying invested captures long-term growth and compound returns, whereas trying to predict highs and lows often results in missed opportunities and lower gains. Having said that, investors can still time the market, but they should do so with a plan. For the average investor balancing investing alongside a full-time career, both time in the market and timing the market may have a role to play, but the balance should be calibrated according to individual circumstances and financial objectives. Start with the investor, Not the Market One of the most common mistakes investors make is starting with the price chart. A stock has fallen. A fund is down. A headline says markets are weak. The investor then asks, “should I buy?” A better process begins somewhere else: with the investor’s own circumstances. Before treating lower prices as opportunities, investors should assess three things: their goals, their career stability and their existing assets. First, what is the money intended for? Capital needed for a home upgrade or purchase should be treated differently from long-term retirement capital. A market dip may be attractive, but it becomes far less appealing if the funds are needed in the near term and cannot withstand short-term volatility. Second, how secure is the investor’s income? In an environment where industries and job markets are changing quickly, career risk matters. If income is uncertain, a larger cash buffer may be needed before taking on additional investment risk. Portfolio risk should not be viewed in isolation from career risk. Third, what does the investor already own? Someone already heavily exposed to US technology stocks may increase concentration risk by buying more technology during a pullback. Another investor sitting mostly in cash and fixed deposits may have the opposite problem: being under-invested for long-term goals. This is why the same market opportunity can be suitable for one investor and unsuitable for another. Investing is personal before it is tactical. Where Investors May Be At Risk of Reacting Too Quickly Retail investors are most vulnerable when speed replaces process. One key area of risk involves complex or leveraged investment instruments. Products such as contracts for difference, leveraged ETFs and short-dated options can magnify both gains and losses. They may appear attractive during volatile markets because they offer fast exposure, but they require discipline, risk limits and a clear understanding of how quickly losses can build. For example in 2020, a Robinhood customer saw a negative US$700,000 balance and tragically took his own life after misunderstanding his trading exposure. Another risk is the fear of missing out, or FOMO. Investors may feel compelled to chase a stock simply because others are discussing it, because it performed strongly in the past, or because they fear being left behind. In many cases, FOMO can disguise itself as conviction. For example, on 3 November, 2025, Palantir Technologies reached an intraday high of US$222.05, driven by massive enthusiasm for its AI Platform (AIP) and government contract wins. By January 2026, however, the stock had retraced to approximately US$170. For a retail investor who bought at this level, the price looked like a 23% discount on a market leader. Yet, by late April 2026, the stock was trading around US$141.33. Despite reporting a strong Q1 2026 revenue growth of 85%, the share price fell further to around US$137.06 as of 7 May 2026. In situations like these, investors may believe they are acting decisively when, in reality, they are reacting emotionally. Averaging down simply because the price is lower can compound a mistake. Investors should therefore ask themselves a simple but important question: “If I did not already own this investment, would I still buy it today?” Averaging into Positions Requires Specific Rules Averaging into positions can be a powerful way to manage uncertainty. Rather than trying to identify the exact bottom, investors deploy capital gradually according to a predefined plan. This reduces the emotional pressure of making one large decision at the wrong time. However, averaging in only works when the rules are clearly defined. Investors should decide in advance how much capital they are willing to commit, at what levels they may add, and what would cause them to stop. Without rules, averaging in can become an excuse to keep buying something simply because it continues falling. The Role of Advisers in Encouraging More Disciplined Decision-Making In volatile markets, the value of advice is often less about predicting the next market move and more about improving decision making. A good adviser helps investors return to their plan: What are the goals? What is the time horizon? How much liquidity is needed? How stable is the investor’s income? How concentrated is the portfolio? What risks are already present? Advisers can also serve as behavioural guardrails. When headlines become alarming or markets are moving too quickly, investors may feel pressure to act impulsively. A structured conversation can slow the decision-making process down and bring it back to fundamentals. For couples and families, this can be especially important. Investment decisions often affect shared goals, shared assets and shared responsibilities. Bringing a spouse or partner into the discussion can reduce misunderstandings and help align decisions with the household’s broader financial plan. Conclusion Buying the dip can be a sensible long-term strategy, but not every decline represents an opportunity. Lower prices alone should never be the sole reason for investing. Successful investing is less about perfectly timing market bottoms and more about maintaining discipline, managing emotions, and ensuring every investment decision aligns with long-term financial goals and overall portfolio risk. Contributors: Brian See Toh Senior Financial Services Manager Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (A member of PhillipCapital) https://bit.ly/TTP-brianst Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. Past performance figures as well as any projection or forecast used in these commentaries are not necessarily indicative of future or likely performance. Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (PSPL), its directors, connected persons or employees may from time to time have an interest in the financial instruments mentioned in these commentaries. The information contained in these commentaries has been obtained from public sources which PSPL has no reason to believe are unreliable and any analysis, forecasts, projections, expectations and opinions (collectively the “Research”) contained in these commentaries are based on such information and are expressions of belief only. PSPL has not verified this information and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made that such information or Research is accurate, complete or verified or should be relied upon as such. Any such information or Research contained in these commentaries are subject to change, and PSPL shall not have any responsibility to maintain the information or Research made available or to supply any corrections, updates or releases in connection therewith. In no event will PSPL be liable for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages which may be incurred from the use of the information or Research made available, even if it has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The companies and their employees mentioned in these commentaries cannot be held liable for any errors, inaccuracies and/or omissions howsoever caused. Any opinion or advice herein is made on a general basis and is subject to change without notice. The information provided in these commentaries may contain optimistic statements regarding future events or future financial performance of countries, markets or companies. You must make your own financial assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information provided in these commentaries. Views and any strategies described in these commentaries may not be suitable for all investors. Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other units of PSPL or its connected persons and associates. Any reference to or discussion of investment products or commodities in these commentaries is purely for illustrative purposes only and must not be construed as a recommendation, an offer or solicitation for the subscription, purchase or sale of the investment products or commodities mentioned. This advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

Dollar-Cost Averaging At Zero Cost

Published on Jun 19, 2026 233

Accessible Investing Investing today looks nothing like it did twenty years ago. In the past, investors placed trades by calling a broker over the phone and paying high brokerage fees. It was slow, expensive and, as a result, largely dominated by institutions and wealthy investors. Today, technological advancements and competition have transformed the brokerage industry and reshaped the investment landscape. Mobile investing apps and online trading platforms now provide retail investors with real-time market access, lower transaction costs, and more convenience. Investing is now accessible to anyone with a smartphone. Understanding Dollar-Cost Averaging As more people begin their investment journey, many face the challenge of deciding when to enter the market. One of the many popular strategies that helps address this uncertainty is dollar-cost averaging (DCA). DCA is an investment strategy where you invest a fixed amount of money at regular intervals, regardless of market conditions. Rather than trying to time the market, you stay consistent by investing the same amount every month, whether prices are rising or falling. Example: Investing US$500 monthly into the S&P 500 Month Amount Invested S&P 500 Price Units Bought Jan $500 $500 1.00 Feb $500 $400 (dip) 1.25 Mar $500 $600 (rally) 0.83 The amount invested remains constant each month, but the number of units purchased varies with market prices. When prices fall, the same investment amount buys more units; when prices rise, fewer units are bought. This helps investors accumulate more units during market downturns and fewer during market rallies, potentially lowering the average cost per unit over time. Historically, the S&P 500 has delivered average annualised returns of around 8% to 10% over the long run. Hence, investors who remain disciplined and continue investing through market fluctuations have generally been rewarded over time. However, investors should note that past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results. For a worked example using STI ETF, refer to POEMS' article on DCA here. Benefits of DCA: Reduces emotional decision-making Lowers the risk of investing a lump sum at the wrong time Reduces the average cost per share over time Encourages consistency and discipline For investors focused on long-term wealth accumulation, consistent contributions can add up to more than most people realise. If you are new to investing, are risk-averse, prefer a hands-off approach, or do not have time to monitor markets daily, the DCA strategy may be worth considering. POEMS offers a Regular Savings Plan (RSP) that automates DCA across a range of stocks and ETFs — find out more here. Costs Matter More Than You Think Transaction costs are easy to overlook. Each fee appears small, but they accumulate over time. Traditional brokerage accounts in Singapore typically charge a commission per transaction, subject to a minimum fee. As an example, a standard rate of 0.16% with a minimum fee of US$27.25 means a US$500 trade ends up costing approximately 5.5% in commission. Although the stated commission is 0.16%, the minimum fee dominates for small trades, resulting in a disproportionately high effective cost. For anyone practising DCA with regular contributions into US markets, this recurring cost creates a significant drag on every transaction. Consider a comparison of investing US$500 monthly over 10 years: With US$27.25 Commission Zero Commission Monthly Investment US$500 US$500 Annual Fees Paid US$327 (1 Monthly Trade) US$0 Capital Invested (10 Years) US$56,730 US$60,000 Assuming an 8% annual return, that US$3,270 in saved fees grows to approximately US$7,100 over 10 years. The opportunity cost of paying commissions is therefore not just US$3,270, but also the potential gains that it could have generated. While each commission may seem small, every transaction adds to the overall cost of investing. For a high-frequency intra-day trader executing approximately 10 to 20 trades per day, each charged at US$2 to US$4 per trade, total fees would amount to US$20 to US$80 per day. Over time, these costs accumulate and reduce the amount of capital that stays invested and compounding. Lower fees allow more capital to remain invested and benefit from compounding over the long term. Zero-Commission Investing The investing landscape has changed significantly over the past decade. One of the biggest developments has been the rise of zero-commission trading, which has removed a major cost barrier and made investing more accessible to retail investors. This shift has transformed how retail investors participate in the market by making features more accessible: Fractional shares became more viable when commissions were removed. Previously, a flat trading fee on a small fractional purchase could consume a significant portion of the investment, making it impractical for smaller investors. Recurring orders allow investors to automate regular purchases and practise DCA. Under the old fee structure, each transaction would incur charges, making frequent small investments costly and less effective. Lower barriers for younger investors. With no commissions, investors with limited capital can start investing without fees eroding their principal. With the growth of mobile investing platforms, zero-commission trading has made investing more accessible than ever. POEMS recently launched US$0 brokerage commissions on US stocks through its Cash Plus Account, making it the first full-service brokerage firm in Singapore to offer true zero-commission US equities. Investors can manage their portfolios and place trades directly from their phones, while real-time market access allows them to monitor price movements and react instantly to market developments. Without commissions, investors can take advantage of market opportunities without fees eating into smaller trades. Why Zero-Cost DCA Matters for Retail Investors Zero-cost DCA is a game-changer for retail investors because it eliminates transaction fees that disproportionately affect portfolios. Removing these costs allows contributions to be fully invested. For retail investors: Low barrier of entry, making it easier to start with smaller amounts Supports disciplined investing habits Enables recurring investment strategies without fees affecting each contribution Reduces hesitation and emotional resistance during volatile market periods For long-term investors: Better capital efficiency, as more money remains invested and able to compound over time Encourages consistency, rather than relying on market timing Overall, zero-cost investing combined with DCA reduces two key barriers for retail investors: cost and complexity. It replaces them with a simple and repeatable strategy that supports long-term investing discipline. True Zero Commission Geography, high fees, or access to platforms no longer constrain investing. Today, anyone with a smartphone can start investing with ease. For retail investors, zero-cost DCA offers a straightforward way to take advantage of this shift. With commissions at US$0, investors can invest consistently, build positions over time, and allow compounding to work without small fees quietly eating into returns. DCA remains one of the simplest long-term strategies. With POEMS Cash Plus offering US$0 commission, no platform fees and no settlement fees on US stocks, it removes barriers that previously made regular investing more difficult. However, zero-cost DCA is not a one-size-fits-all solution. Investors should consider their financial goals and risk tolerance before incorporating DCA into their investment strategy. In today’s market, consistency and discipline often matter more than trying to time the perfect entry. Start your zero-commission DCA journey with POEMS Cash Plus today. Open an Account Now! Appendix/Sources [1]https://financialhorse.com/is-dca-the-best-way-to-buy-stocks/ [2] https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dollarcostaveraging.asp [3]https://www.poems.com.sg/market-journal/simple-but-powerful-strategies-behind-dca-and-dva/ [4]https://www.home.saxo/content/articles/macro/worried-about-investing-at-market-highs-dollar-cost-averaging-dca-can-help-10122024 [5] https://www.stashaway.sg/r/singapore-best-online-brokerages-trading-platforms [6]https://www.dbsvickers.com/vickers/pricing/individualaccount?pid=sg-vickers-en-trade-heroblock-individual-account-learnmorebtn Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. Past performance figures as well as any projection or forecast used in these commentaries are not necessarily indicative of future or likely performance. Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (PSPL), its directors, connected persons or employees may from time to time have an interest in the financial instruments mentioned in these commentaries. 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Zixin Group Holdings Delivers Strong Growth on Volume Surge, BUY Rating with S$0.06 Target Price

Published on Jun 18, 2026 106

Company Overview Zixin Group Holdings Ltd operates as a Chinese agricultural company specialising in fresh sweet potatoes and processed sweet potato products. The company serves both domestic Chinese markets and international customers through its dual-segment business model, combining fresh produce distribution with value-added processing operations. Strong Financial Performance Exceeds Expectations Zixin Group Holdings delivered impressive 2H26 results that surpassed analyst forecasts, with revenue climbing 44.3% year-on-year to RMB386.8 million and net income rising 29.9% to RMB45.4 million. The strong performance was driven by higher sales volumes across both business segments, with full-year revenue and profit after tax and minority interests reaching 104% and 123% of forecasts respectively. Fresh Sweet Potato Segment Powers Growth The fresh sweet potato segment emerged as a standout performer, with earnings nearly doubling due to approximately 30% year-on-year growth in sales volume. This robust performance was underpinned by the company's smart warehouse infrastructure, which extends shelf life and reduces spoilage, enabling a higher percentage of inventory to flow into revenue-generating sales channels. Despite expectations of margin pressure from rising production costs such as fertiliser, Zixin anticipates that volume growth will offset these headwinds and maintainthe current net margin of approximately 21.5% for the cultivation and supply segment. The company projects 60% year-on-year revenue growth for this segment in FY27, supported by expanded sales channels within China and deeper international market penetration. Processed Products Segment Shows Steady Expansion The processed products division also demonstrated strong momentum, with earnings increasing 12.5% year-on-year. Growth was fuelled by higher sales volumes and portfolio expansion, particularly the introduction of additive-free, vacuum-packed steamed sweet potatoes launched in FY25, complementing existing sweet potato crisps and fries. Sales of processed chips and steamed sweet potato products surged 71% year-on-year, establishing these products as the segment's primary growth engines. Management expects 30% year-on-year growth for FY27, driven by enhanced production of high-margin premium products and an expanding white-label customer base. Investment Recommendation Phillip Securities Research maintains its BUY recommendation whilst raising the target price to S$0.06. The firm has increased FY27 revenue and net profit forecasts by 23% and 29% respectively, expecting 24% year-on-year earnings growth driven by continued expansion of Zixin's white-label ODM business and sustained demand for premium sweet potato varieties. Frequently Asked Questions [market_journal_faq] This article has been auto-generated using PhillipGPT. It is based on a report by a Phillip Securities Research analyst. Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. 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The information contained in these commentaries has been obtained from public sources which PSPL has no reason to believe are unreliable and any analysis, forecasts, projections, expectations and opinions (collectively the “Research”) contained in these commentaries are based on such information and are expressions of belief only. PSPL has not verified this information and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made that such information or Research is accurate, complete or verified or should be relied upon as such. Any such information or Research contained in these commentaries are subject to change, and PSPL shall not have any responsibility to maintain the information or Research made available or to supply any corrections, updates or releases in connection therewith. In no event will PSPL be liable for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages which may be incurred from the use of the information or Research made available, even if it has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The companies and their employees mentioned in these commentaries cannot be held liable for any errors, inaccuracies and/or omissions howsoever caused. Any opinion or advice herein is made on a general basis and is subject to change without notice. The information provided in these commentaries may contain optimistic statements regarding future events or future financial performance of countries, markets or companies. You must make your own financial assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information provided in these commentaries. Views and any strategies described in these commentaries may not be suitable for all investors. 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Adobe Inc Maintains Strong Freemium Growth Despite ARR Deceleration, BUY Rating with US$385 Target Price

Published on Jun 18, 2026 94

Company Overview Adobe Inc is a leading software company providing creative, marketing, and document management solutions to professionals and consumers worldwide. The company operates through its flagship Creative Cloud platform, offering tools like Photoshop, Premiere, and Lightroom, alongside productivity solutions such as Acrobat for PDF management. Strong Performance Driven by Creative Cloud Pro Adobe's second quarter 2026 results met expectations, with revenue and adjusted profit after tax and minority interest reaching 50% and 51% of full-year forecasts respectively. The company's performance was primarily driven by the Adobe Creative Cloud Pro offering, which has gained significant traction amongst creative professionals. The freemium strategy continues to show remarkable results, with Creative freemium monthly active users surging 70% year-on-year to exceed 90 million users. This represents an acceleration from the 50% growth recorded in the first quarter. The user base expansion spans across web and mobile platforms, encompassing Firefly, Express, Premiere, Photoshop, and Lightroom applications. Document Workflow Expansion Shows Promise Adobe's productivity suite demonstrated robust growth, with business professionals and consumers increasing 16% year-on-year. Acrobat and Express experienced particularly strong adoption, with monthly active users rising 20% annually. The integration of artificial intelligence capabilities has significantly enhanced performance, with annual recurring revenue in this segment tripling compared to the previous year. ARR Growth Challenges Persist Despite strong user engagement, Adobe faces ongoing challenges with annual recurring revenue growth. Excluding the US$480 million contribution from Semrush, Adobe's ARR reached US$26.6 billion, representing 10.5% year-on-year growth. This marks the tenth consecutive quarter of organic ARR deceleration, reflecting management's continued emphasis on user acquisition over immediate monetisation. Investment Outlook Phillip Securities Research maintains a BUY recommendation on Adobe with an increased target price of US$385, up from the previous US$368. The company trades at an attractive valuation of 11.5 times FY26 estimated GAAP price-to-earnings ratio, below its one-year average of 18 times. Despite competitive pressures from generative AI, Adobe's commercially safe intellectual property, enterprise demand for comprehensive tools, and Firefly's integration capabilities support a resilient outlook. Frequently Asked Questions [market_journal_faq] This article has been auto-generated using PhillipGPT. It is based on a report by a Phillip Securities Research analyst. Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. Past performance figures as well as any projection or forecast used in these commentaries are not necessarily indicative of future or likely performance. Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (PSPL), its directors, connected persons or employees may from time to time have an interest in the financial instruments mentioned in these commentaries. The information contained in these commentaries has been obtained from public sources which PSPL has no reason to believe are unreliable and any analysis, forecasts, projections, expectations and opinions (collectively the “Research”) contained in these commentaries are based on such information and are expressions of belief only. PSPL has not verified this information and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made that such information or Research is accurate, complete or verified or should be relied upon as such. Any such information or Research contained in these commentaries are subject to change, and PSPL shall not have any responsibility to maintain the information or Research made available or to supply any corrections, updates or releases in connection therewith. In no event will PSPL be liable for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages which may be incurred from the use of the information or Research made available, even if it has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The companies and their employees mentioned in these commentaries cannot be held liable for any errors, inaccuracies and/or omissions howsoever caused. Any opinion or advice herein is made on a general basis and is subject to change without notice. The information provided in these commentaries may contain optimistic statements regarding future events or future financial performance of countries, markets or companies. You must make your own financial assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information provided in these commentaries. Views and any strategies described in these commentaries may not be suitable for all investors. Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other units of PSPL or its connected persons and associates. Any reference to or discussion of investment products or commodities in these commentaries is purely for illustrative purposes only and must not be construed as a recommendation, an offer or solicitation for the subscription, purchase or sale of the investment products or commodities mentioned. This advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

Oracle Corporation Accelerates Cloud Growth with Massive US$70bn CAPEX Investment, Target Price US$237 with BUY Rating

Published on Jun 18, 2026 43

Company Overview Oracle Corporation operates as a leading enterprise software and cloud infrastructure provider, offering an integrated technology stack spanning from database management systems to comprehensive cloud services. The company has positioned itself as a critical player in the enterprise cloud market, delivering end-to-end solutions that combine infrastructure and cloud services for large-scale business operations. Strong Financial Performance Drives Optimistic Outlook Oracle delivered robust fourth-quarter FY26 results, with revenue meeting expectations whilst profit after tax and minority interests (PATMI) exceeded forecasts. Full-year FY26 performance was equally impressive, with revenue and PATMI reaching 101% and 115% of analyst projections respectively. The company achieved remarkable 21% year-on-year revenue growth in the fourth quarter, primarily driven by Oracle Cloud revenue surging 47% compared to the previous year. Unprecedented Revenue Visibility and Growth Acceleration Oracle has established exceptional revenue visibility through its Remaining Performance Obligations (RPO), which rose an extraordinary 4.6 times to reach US$638 billion. This massive backlog underpins Oracle's confidence in accelerating revenue growth to 34% year-on-year in FY27, a significant jump from FY26's 16% growth rate. The Cloud Infrastructure business represents the primary growth engine, with revenue projections showing a remarkable 109% surge. Oracle's infrastructure expansion is gaining substantial momentum, with first-quarter FY27 additions approaching 1 gigawatt of capacity, nearly matching FY26's entire annual addition of 1.2 gigawatts. Strategic Partnerships and Infrastructure Expansion Oracle has secured transformative partnerships, most notably OpenAI's five-year US$300 billion Oracle Cloud Infrastructure commitment beginning in 2027. This partnership is expected to receive additional support from OpenAI's anticipated initial public offering, which could provide capital for fulfilling FY27 obligations. The company's ambitious infrastructure expansion includes five major Stargate sites. The flagship Abilene, Texas campus is 42% complete and targeted to deliver 1.2 gigawatts by end-2026. Four additional sites across Texas, New Mexico, Michigan, and Wisconsin are under construction, with deliveries commencing in 2027. This expansion is expected to scale total capacity to 7 gigawatts, progressing towards Oracle's ultimate 10 gigawatt target. Investment Recommendation and Valuation Phillip Securities Research maintains a BUY rating with a revised discounted cash flow target price of US$237, reduced from the previous US$275. This adjustment reflects increased FY27e capital expenditure guidance of US$70 billion, net of US$20 to US$25 billion in customer prepayments, and is substantially higher than initial estimates of US$47 billion. The weighted average cost of capital and growth assumptions remain unchanged. The substantial US$75 billion in bookings under the new funding model over two quarters, representing 12% of RPO, demonstrates strong customer preference for Oracle's comprehensive technology stack despite prepayment requirements and bring-your-own-hardware conditions. Frequently Asked Questions [market_journal_faq] This article has been auto-generated using PhillipGPT. It is based on a report by a Phillip Securities Research analyst. Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. Past performance figures as well as any projection or forecast used in these commentaries are not necessarily indicative of future or likely performance. Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (PSPL), its directors, connected persons or employees may from time to time have an interest in the financial instruments mentioned in these commentaries. The information contained in these commentaries has been obtained from public sources which PSPL has no reason to believe are unreliable and any analysis, forecasts, projections, expectations and opinions (collectively the “Research”) contained in these commentaries are based on such information and are expressions of belief only. PSPL has not verified this information and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made that such information or Research is accurate, complete or verified or should be relied upon as such. Any such information or Research contained in these commentaries are subject to change, and PSPL shall not have any responsibility to maintain the information or Research made available or to supply any corrections, updates or releases in connection therewith. In no event will PSPL be liable for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages which may be incurred from the use of the information or Research made available, even if it has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The companies and their employees mentioned in these commentaries cannot be held liable for any errors, inaccuracies and/or omissions howsoever caused. Any opinion or advice herein is made on a general basis and is subject to change without notice. The information provided in these commentaries may contain optimistic statements regarding future events or future financial performance of countries, markets or companies. You must make your own financial assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information provided in these commentaries. Views and any strategies described in these commentaries may not be suitable for all investors. Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other units of PSPL or its connected persons and associates. Any reference to or discussion of investment products or commodities in these commentaries is purely for illustrative purposes only and must not be construed as a recommendation, an offer or solicitation for the subscription, purchase or sale of the investment products or commodities mentioned. This advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

Apple Inc. Gains AI Strategy Clarity with Enhanced Siri and Intelligence Expansion, NEUTRAL Rating Maintained at US$290 Target Price

Published on Jun 18, 2026 22

Company Overview Apple Inc. operates as a leading technology company that designs, manufactures, and market consumer electronics, computer software, and online services globally. The company's ecosystem approach integrates hardware, software, and services across devices including iPhones, iPads, Macs, and Apple Watches, creating a comprehensive digital experience for users. WWDC Unveils Comprehensive AI Strategy Apple held its annual Worldwide Developers Conference on 8 June, providing greater visibility into its artificial intelligence strategy through significant updates to Apple Intelligence and Siri. The conference demonstrated Apple's approach to integrating AI capabilities across its ecosystem whilst maintaining its privacy-first philosophy. Enhanced Siri and Apple Intelligence Features The centrepiece of Apple's AI advancement is Siri AI, a next-generation version powered by Apple Intelligence. This enhanced assistant represents a fundamental shift from traditional command-based voice interaction towards a more capable, proactive AI-powered digital assistant. Key improvements include personal context understanding, on-screen awareness, visual intelligence, and enhanced conversational capabilities that enable better comprehension of user intent and execution of complex tasks across applications. Apple Intelligence expansion extends throughout the ecosystem with new capabilities including AI-powered tab organisation and page monitoring in Safari, natural-language event creation in Calendar, context-aware suggestions in Messages, and AI-assisted automation through Shortcuts. The system also features enhanced image generation and photo editing tools, combining personal context, world knowledge, and on-screen awareness to deliver personalised experiences. Privacy-First Approach and Ecosystem Integration Apple emphasised its privacy-centric AI strategy, highlighting on-device AI inference whenever possible whilst utilising Private Cloud Compute only when additional processing power is required. Notably, Apple Intelligence is positioned as a system-wide capability integrated across the installed base, rather than a standalone subscription service. Investment Outlook and Recommendation Phillip Securities Research maintains a NEUTRAL recommendation with an increased DCF target price of US$290, up from US$280 previously. The firm raised its FY26 revenue and PATMI assumptions by 2% and 1% respectively, accounting for continued iPhone 17 growth. The beta assumption was lowered from 1.00 times to 0.95 times, reflecting increased confidence in Apple's long-term competitive positioning and ecosystem durability. The updates strengthen Apple's ecosystem advantage, potentially driving more robust upgrade cycles and improved services revenue whilst requiring modest capital expenditure compared to hyperscalers. However, successful execution and broader user adoption remain critical for translating these developments into sustained earnings growth. Frequently Asked Questions [market_journal_faq] This article has been auto-generated using PhillipGPT. It is based on a report by a Phillip Securities Research analyst. Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. Past performance figures as well as any projection or forecast used in these commentaries are not necessarily indicative of future or likely performance. Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (PSPL), its directors, connected persons or employees may from time to time have an interest in the financial instruments mentioned in these commentaries. The information contained in these commentaries has been obtained from public sources which PSPL has no reason to believe are unreliable and any analysis, forecasts, projections, expectations and opinions (collectively the “Research”) contained in these commentaries are based on such information and are expressions of belief only. PSPL has not verified this information and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made that such information or Research is accurate, complete or verified or should be relied upon as such. Any such information or Research contained in these commentaries are subject to change, and PSPL shall not have any responsibility to maintain the information or Research made available or to supply any corrections, updates or releases in connection therewith. In no event will PSPL be liable for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages which may be incurred from the use of the information or Research made available, even if it has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The companies and their employees mentioned in these commentaries cannot be held liable for any errors, inaccuracies and/or omissions howsoever caused. Any opinion or advice herein is made on a general basis and is subject to change without notice. The information provided in these commentaries may contain optimistic statements regarding future events or future financial performance of countries, markets or companies. You must make your own financial assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information provided in these commentaries. Views and any strategies described in these commentaries may not be suitable for all investors. Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other units of PSPL or its connected persons and associates. Any reference to or discussion of investment products or commodities in these commentaries is purely for illustrative purposes only and must not be construed as a recommendation, an offer or solicitation for the subscription, purchase or sale of the investment products or commodities mentioned. This advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

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