Leverage

Leverage is a powerful tool that greatly enhances a trader’s ability to profit from financial markets. However, it’s important for traders to understand how it works and use it responsibly to avoid excessive risk and potential losses. Stocks, indices, forex, commodities, and exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are just a few examples of financial markets where leverage can be used. 

 The main idea of leverage is to provide investors, both individual and corporate, with a means to increase their possible returns by accessing borrowed capital. In this article, the details on leverage are outlined: what it is, types of leverage, how leverage affects investment returns, and some real-life examples will be given. We will review several frequently asked questions to view leverage better. 

Leverage

Gearing, also known as leverage, uses borrowed capital to raise the potential return on investment. With credit availability, investors can purchase more than they had initially intended to buy using their own money. The fundamental principle investors will often depend on is that returns on their investments will exceed the cost of obtaining the loan, thus increasing their profit. 

In other words, the debt-equity relationship, in financial terms, would imply that a high leverage ratio means a high level of borrowing for investment to exaggerate profits and losses. The fundamental concept is just like a lever in physics whereby a small amount of force can move an object many times its size similarly; financial leverage enables investors with much smaller funds to hold more significant investments. 

What is leverage? 

Leverage is a term that refers to the trading of financial instruments with borrowed funds. In the trading world, leverage is a crucial tool that allows traders to maximize potential profits while minimizing the capital required to enter a position. Essentially, leverage allows traders to control larger positions with smaller amounts of capital.  

It’s important to note that while leverage can increase potential profits, it also increases potential losses. This is because traders borrow funds to enter a position, and any losses incurred will be magnified by the leverage used. As such, it’s crucial for traders to use leverage  

Understanding leverage 

Instead of directly holding the underlying assets when you trade, you speculate on their price swings to earn a profit. When you use leverage, your broker will put up most of the capital, and you will only need to contribute a small deposit to establish a larger position. 

For instance, opening a position with a broker to trade stocks using leverage would entail borrowing most of the position’s value from that broker, depending on the leverage ratio. No fees will apply regardless of the leverage you use, whether 5x or 20x your initial deposit. 

Trading using leverage is quite alluring because winnings can be massively increased. But leverage has a flip side, and it’s crucial to remember that losses can be doubled rapidly. 

Types of Leverage

Leverage can be divided into several types, each serving different purposes in financial management: 

  1. Financial Leverage is the condition wherein one borrows funds to invest in assets, hoping their returns will be higher than the cost of debt. Usually, companies use financial leverage to finance growth initiatives, acquisitions, or any other capital expenditure.
  1. Operating Leverage: This refers to the part of a company’s fixed costs in the cost structure. A company with high operating leverage shows very high profits with increased sales, but at a decline, this leaves the company with the burden of fixed costs.
  1. Combined Leverage: This shows not only financial and operating leverage but is combined in one measure that gives an all-around view of a company’s risk exposure. It reflects how fixed costs and debt together are affecting overall profitability.

Effects of Leverage on Investment Returns 

Leverage may affect investment returns in many ways, both positively and negatively. Among the significant effects of leverage on investment returns it includes at least one of the following: 

Amplitude of Returns: It refers to the magnitude of returns. While investments are going great, leverage amplifies your profits. Suppose an investor leverages to buy an asset; rental income could help pay the debt but will also result in additional profit due to the appreciation of the property. 

Higher Risk: Higher risk, on the other hand, involves leverage, which amplifies losses. In case of a fall in the value of the investment, the investor may still be committed to repaying the finance and, therefore, may incur losses more significant than their initial investment. 

Volatility: Leveraged investments are typically volatile; small movements in the underlying asset value can result in much larger movements in the investor’s equity. Such volatility is especially acute in leveraged trading instruments, options, and futures. 

 

Advantages and disadvantages of leverage 

While leverage can offer significant advantages, it also comes with certain risks and disadvantages. 

  • One of the main advantages of leverage in trading is the ability to generate higher returns. Financial leverage increases the impact of each dollar you invest. With leverage, traders can earn larger profits than they could with their capital alone.  
  • Additionally, leverage can provide greater flexibility in trading, allowing traders to take positions in a wider variety of assets and markets. 

However, leverage also comes with substantial risks.  

  • One major disadvantage of leverage is the potential for significant losses. As leverage amplifies the size of a position, even a small decline in the value of an asset can result in substantial losses. Additionally, leverage can increase the risk of margin calls, which require traders to deposit additional funds to cover losses. 
  • Another potential disadvantage of leverage in trading is its psychological impact on traders. When using leverage, traders may be more likely to take on excessive risk and make impulsive decisions. This can lead to emotional trading, which is detrimental to long-term success. 

Leverage can be a powerful tool for traders seeking higher returns and taking advantage of market opportunities. However, it is necessary to consider the risks and disadvantages of using leverage, including the potential for significant losses and the psychological impact of trading with borrowed funds. To successfully use leverage in trading, it is essential to have a well-defined trading plan and risk management strategy in place. 

Calculating leverage 

To calculate leverage, traders must first determine their margin requirement. This is the percentage of the total position that must be deposited as collateral to open a trade. For example, if a trader wants to enter a position worth US$10,000 and the margin requirement is 5%, they must deposit US$500 to open the trade.  

Once the margin requirement is determined, traders can calculate their maximum leverage by dividing the total position size by the margin requirement. In the above example, the maximum leverage would be 20:1 (or 5% margin requirement divided into the US$10,000 position size).  

Example of leverage 

  • For example, assume a trader wants to buy US$10,000 worth of a particular share. In that case, they may only need to put up US$1,000 of their own funds if their broker offers a leverage ratio of 10:1. This means that the broker is effectively lending the trader the remaining US$9,000 to make the trade.  

           While leverage can be useful for experienced traders, it carries significant risks. If the trade goes against the trader, they could lose more than their initial investment, leading to substantial losses.        Therefore, traders must use leverage wisely and cautiously to avoid undue risks. 

  • Being aware of how leverage works in practice, let us consider the following example. 

Investment in Real Estate 

Consider an investor who is seeking to purchase a US$500,000 investment property. Reluctant to pay the entire amount in advance, he instead gears his investment to a 20 percent deposit of US$100,000, and the remaining 80 percent is financed via a US$400,000 loan from any bank at 4 percent per year. 

Scenario 1: Successful Investment 

If the property appreciates to US$ 600,000 after a few years, he can sell his property at a profit. The amount of profit after repayment would be calculated as illustrated below: 

 Sales Price: US$ 600,000 

Loan Repaid: US$ 400,000 

Investor’s Profit: US$600,000 – US$400,000 – US$100,000 = US$100,000 

 Of this amount, in the above example, the investor doubled his money through leverage. 

  Scenario 2: Unsuccessful Investment 

Consider the unsuccessful investment, for example, when the property’s market value falls to US$400,000. For the investor, his calculation would look something like this: 

 Sale Price: US$400,000 

Loan Repayment: US$400,000 

Investor’s Loss: US$400,000 – US$100,000 = -US$100,000 

 In this case, the investor, in addition to losing his money, is at an acute risk of not covering the loan from his rental income. 

Frequently Asked Questions

The whole amount a person invests, including any offered collateral, is called their “margin,” This approach creates a trading advantage known as leverage. Margin is mostly utilised to produce large leverage levels, which can enhance both profits and losses. 

The link between leverage and margin is the opposite: the higher the margin is required, the lower your leverage ratio will be. 

Financial leverage is borrowing money to undertake investments to generate higher returns. It is based on the notion of investing money to generate income. 

The objective of financial leverage is for the return on such assets to be greater than the costs of borrowing the capital used to purchase those assets. Financial leverage boosts an investor’s earnings without necessitating more personal funds.

Debt financing a home purchase, bank loans to launch a business, and corporate bonds are examples of financial leverage. 

By industrial standards, a financial leverage ratio of less than 1 is typically favourable. Potential investors and lenders may view a company as a risky investment if its financial leverage ratio is greater than 1, and it is the reason for alarm if it is greater than 2. 

 

 

Leverage allows investors to increase their buying influence over the market. Yet, there are risks associated with this opportunity; therefore, before taking on leveraged positions, it is often suggested that amateur investors have a thorough grasp of what leverage means and its possible drawbacks. Financial leverage may be systematically utilised to structure a portfolio to profit from successful investments and incur even more when bad ones come along. 

This allows traders to hold much more prominent positions than their capital would generally support. With a given amount of capital, say US$1,000, and with 10:1 leverage, for instance, one can hold a position of value up to US$10,000. Thus, the leverage ratio magnifies the gain or loss on this position, making the trade both potentially very profitable and dangerous. 

The risks of leverage include but are not limited to: 

Higher Loss Potential: Losses more than the principal invested. 

Margin Calls: During trading, when the leveraged position falls below the minimum requirements set by the brokers, they can declare a margin call, in which the investor is asked to deposit more money or liquidate his position. 

The other problem is that high debt levels can lead to financial burdens, especially when investments do not yield expected returns. 

Yes, leverage is utilised in real estate investment. Often, investors mortgage a large portion of the purchase price for properties, enabling them to hold valuable assets using only part of their capital. 

A leveraged ETF is an investment fund that uses financial derivatives and borrows money to magnify the returns of an underlying index. These funds attempt to return a multiple of an index’s daily performance with increased risks by using daily compounding, which may sometimes show colossal volatility. 

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    What Are AI ETFs and Why Should You Care

    Published on Apr 10, 2026 70 

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Starting with a measured allocation and building gradually over time can help manage risk effectively. The objective is not simply to chase returns, but to build a resilient portfolio that can grow alongside the technological changes shaping the global economy. Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. Past performance figures as well as any projection or forecast used in these commentaries are not necessarily indicative of future or likely performance. Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (PSPL), its directors, connected persons or employees may from time to time have an interest in the financial instruments mentioned in these commentaries. The information contained in these commentaries has been obtained from public sources which PSPL has no reason to believe are unreliable and any analysis, forecasts, projections, expectations and opinions (collectively the “Research”) contained in these commentaries are based on such information and are expressions of belief only. PSPL has not verified this information and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made that such information or Research is accurate, complete or verified or should be relied upon as such. Any such information or Research contained in these commentaries are subject to change, and PSPL shall not have any responsibility to maintain the information or Research made available or to supply any corrections, updates or releases in connection therewith. In no event will PSPL be liable for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages which may be incurred from the use of the information or Research made available, even if it has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The companies and their employees mentioned in these commentaries cannot be held liable for any errors, inaccuracies and/or omissions howsoever caused. Any opinion or advice herein is made on a general basis and is subject to change without notice. The information provided in these commentaries may contain optimistic statements regarding future events or future financial performance of countries, markets or companies. You must make your own financial assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information provided in these commentaries. Views and any strategies described in these commentaries may not be suitable for all investors. Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other units of PSPL or its connected persons and associates. Any reference to or discussion of investment products or commodities in these commentaries is purely for illustrative purposes only and must not be construed as a recommendation, an offer or solicitation for the subscription, purchase or sale of the investment products or commodities mentioned. This advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

    Building a Strategic AI ETF Portfolio

    Published on Apr 10, 2026 41 

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Key Takeaways The AI ecosystem has three distinct layers — infrastructure, software platforms, and applied applications — each with different risk and return characteristics A tiered allocation (40/30/30 or similar) can balance defensive infrastructure plays with higher-growth application bets ETF construction details — geographic exposure, weighting methodology, active vs. passive — matter as much as the fund's label Risk management requires planning for valuation corrections, disruption, regulation, and supply chain vulnerabilities AI ETFs works best as a component of a diversified portfolio, sized to your risk tolerance Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. Past performance figures as well as any projection or forecast used in these commentaries are not necessarily indicative of future or likely performance. Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (PSPL), its directors, connected persons or employees may from time to time have an interest in the financial instruments mentioned in these commentaries. The information contained in these commentaries has been obtained from public sources which PSPL has no reason to believe are unreliable and any analysis, forecasts, projections, expectations and opinions (collectively the “Research”) contained in these commentaries are based on such information and are expressions of belief only. PSPL has not verified this information and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made that such information or Research is accurate, complete or verified or should be relied upon as such. Any such information or Research contained in these commentaries are subject to change, and PSPL shall not have any responsibility to maintain the information or Research made available or to supply any corrections, updates or releases in connection therewith. In no event will PSPL be liable for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages which may be incurred from the use of the information or Research made available, even if it has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The companies and their employees mentioned in these commentaries cannot be held liable for any errors, inaccuracies and/or omissions howsoever caused. Any opinion or advice herein is made on a general basis and is subject to change without notice. The information provided in these commentaries may contain optimistic statements regarding future events or future financial performance of countries, markets or companies. You must make your own financial assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information provided in these commentaries. Views and any strategies described in these commentaries may not be suitable for all investors. Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other units of PSPL or its connected persons and associates. Any reference to or discussion of investment products or commodities in these commentaries is purely for illustrative purposes only and must not be construed as a recommendation, an offer or solicitation for the subscription, purchase or sale of the investment products or commodities mentioned. This advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

    How CFDs Complement Your Trading and Investing Strategies

    Published on Apr 2, 2026 166 

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CFDs also allow you to trade a variety of asset classes within a single account, making them a flexible and versatile tool for enhancing both trading and investing strategies. How CFDs Complement Trading Strategies? For traders, CFDs provide opportunities that may not always be available in traditional markets. Their flexibility and fast execution make them well suited for short-term strategies such as day trading, swing trading, and scalping. Leverage for Capital Efficiency CFDs allow traders to improve their capital efficiency as they are traded on margin. This means traders can initiate positions with a smaller initial capital outlay. As a result, this increases accessibility to financial markets, especially for those with limited capital. However, leverage also amplifies losses, making proper risk management essential,2 which we will explore in more detail later. Example: If a trader wants to gain exposure to shares worth US$10,000, using 10:1 leverage they would only need to provide US$1,000 as margin. By applying proper risk management, such as limiting the trade to a small portion of total capital and using stop-loss orders, potential losses can be controlled while still benefiting from leverage. Positioning for Rising or Falling Markets One notable advantage of CFDs is the ability to short sell. This enables traders to manage their positions and potentially generate profits or mitigate losses during periods of market decline. Downward movements can be especially pronounced during risk-off phases, and CFDs offer flexibility for traders to adopt either long or short positions. When market sentiment turns negative, sharp declines in price may occur, presenting opportunities for traders seeking to capitalize on strong, short-term momentum. With the ability to short sell through CFDs, traders can take advantage of these downward moves rather than missing potential opportunities when markets drop.3 Access to Multiple Global Market When trading CFDs, traders can access multiple global markets through a single trading account rather than opening separate accounts for each market4. As global markets operate across different time zones, this access allows traders to participate in markets at various times throughout the day. This creates a more continuous flow of opportunities, particularly during periods of heightened volatility. How CFDs Complement Investing Strategies? CFDs are often associated with short-term trading. However, when structured effectively, they can enhance long-term investing strategies. They are not meant to replace traditional investing, instead, they act as a strategic tool to improve flexibility, capital efficiency, and risk management. 1) Adding Tactical Opportunities to a Portfolio Long-term investors build portfolios based on strategic asset allocation, selecting quality investments to hold for several years and benefit from sustained market growth. However, markets do not move in a straight line, and short-term volatility can arise from economic data releases, sector forward narrative, and global events. CFDs offer a way for investors to take advantage of these shorter-term market movements without altering their core long-term holdings. 2) Hedging Long-Term Positions Hedging is a risk management strategy that involves taking positions designed to offset potential losses in an existing investment portfolio5. Market volatility is an unavoidable part of investing. Unexpected events such as economic uncertainty, geopolitical developments, and changes in interest rates may include a financial shock, triggering market corrections. These occurrences can disrupt market stability and lead to significant fluctuations in asset prices. Instead of selling long-term holdings during periods of uncertainty, investors can use CFDs to hedge their exposure. For example, if an investor holds a portfolio of technology stocks and expects short-term market weakness, they may open a short CFD position on technology stock or index. If the market declines, the losses in the portfolio may be partially offset by gains from the CFD position. This allows investors to manage short-term downside risk while continuing to hold their long-term investments6. 3) Capital Efficiency and Diversification Unlike traditional investing, CFDs require only margin rather than the full capital outlay of the underlying asset. This allows investors to gain market exposure while keeping more capital available for other opportunities. In addition, CFDs provide new investment opportunities beyond traditional exchange-traded products such as foreign exchange (FX), global indices, and commodities. This allows long-term investors to broaden their exposure to different asset classes without trading directly in those markets7. As financial markets move rapidly, opportunities may arise unexpectedly. If capital is fully committed to long-term positions, investors may miss these opportunities. By incorporating CFDs, investors can maintain greater flexibility while continuing to participate in the markets. Key Considerations: Risks of Trading CFDs CFDs are leveraged financial instruments and carry a higher level of risk compared to traditional investments. Even small price movements in the underlying asset can have a significant impact on a trader’s position. As a result, both gains and losses are magnified. Therefore, it is important for investors and traders to understand the potential risks and apply proper risk management when trading CFDs8. Leverage Risk – Leverage allows traders to control larger positions with less capital, but it can also amplify losses and the losses may exceed initial capital if the market moves against the trade. Market Volatility – Sudden market movements caused by economic news or geopolitical events can lead to rapid price changes and unexpected losses. Margin Call Risk – If account equity falls below the required margin level, traders may need to add funds or risk having positions forced closed. Overnight Financing Costs – Holding CFD positions overnight may incur financing charges, which can affect overall profitability. Mitigating Risks and Best Practices To manage these risks effectively, traders should adopt disciplined practices: traders should set stop-loss and take-profit levels to define clear exit points9 and conservative position sizes, diversify across various markets and asset classes, and monitor positions regularly. New traders are advised to start with smaller trades or demo accounts to gain experience, as well as periodically review and adjust strategies to respond to changing market conditions. Conclusion CFDs are versatile financial instruments that can add value to both trading and investing strategies. For traders, they offer provide ease of trade, leverage, and the ability to profit in rising or falling markets. For investors, CFDs can enhance portfolio flexibility, support hedging strategies, and flexibility in managing portfolios. Whether you are seeking to capture short-term opportunities or manage long-term portfolio risks, CFDs can serve as a valuable tool within a broader financial strategy. When used responsibly, they can help bridge the gap between active trading and long-term wealth accumulation. Promotion Start your CFD journey with us and enjoy 0 commission on US equity CFDs for 30 days when you open a CFD account with us. In addition, receive S$50 cash credit when you fund and trade. As long as you open a POEMS CFD Account during the promotion period of 10 March 2026 to 10 June 2026 (both dates inclusive) and do NOT have any existing POEMS CFD Account(s), your 0 commission on US Equity CFDs for 30 days will be active upon receiving an email notification to indicate promotion has been activated for the account. For more information, you can visit our CFD website or click here References: Understanding contracts for difference. (n.d.). https://www.moneysense.gov.sg/understanding-contracts-for-difference/ MarketMates. (2024, August 13). Trading 101: Leverage and margin explained. https://marketmates.com/learn/cfd-trading/trading-101-leverage-and-margin-explained/ Phillip CFD. (2021a, March 16). What is Short-Selling? | CFD Trading Singapore | Phillip CFD. https://www.phillipcfd.com/products/what-is-short-selling/ What is CFD trading – a beginner’s guide. (2026, January 12). TradingView. https://www.tradingview.com/news/forexlive:704a82432094b:0-what-is-cfd-trading-a-beginner-sguide/#:~:text=Types%20of%20CFD%20Markets,%2C%20and%20Ripple%20(XRP) Popular hedging Strategies for traders in 2025 for FXOPEN:EURUSD by FXOpen. (2025, March 19). TradingView. https://www.tradingview.com/chart/EURUSD/oeOYrKIr-Popular-Hedging-Strategies-for-Traders-in-2025/ Hedging in Share Market | Types of Hedging Strategies in Trading. (n.d.). https://www.truedata.in/blog/hedging-in-share-market? Gratton, P. (2025, August 28). Understanding Contract for Differences (CFDs): Key insights and benefits. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/stocks/09/trade-a-cfd.asp What is CFD trading – a beginner’s guide. (2026b, January 12). TradingView. https://www.tradingview.com/news/forexlive:704a82432094b:0-what-is-cfd-trading-a-beginner-s-guide/ Gratton, P. (2025b, August 28). Understanding Contract for Differences (CFDs): Key insights and benefits. Investopedia https://www.investopedia.com/articles/stocks/09/trade-a-cfd.asp   Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. Past performance figures as well as any projection or forecast used in these commentaries are not necessarily indicative of future or likely performance. Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (PSPL), its directors, connected persons or employees may from time to time have an interest in the financial instruments mentioned in these commentaries. 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    Q&M Dental Group Poised for Major Expansion Through Strategic Acquisitions

    Published on Apr 1, 2026 99 

    Company Overview Q&M Dental Group Ltd operates as a dental services provider with a current network of more than 150 standalone clinics in Singapore and Malaysia. The company is positioning itself to become a major dental franchise platform through strategic acquisitions and organic growth initiatives. Ambitious Acquisition Strategy The company has announced three significant proposed acquisitions totalling approximately S$272 million, which could potentially double its earnings upon completion. These acquisitions span across Australia, Singapore, and Thailand, backed by robust profit guarantees totalling S$200 million over five to eight years. The largest acquisition involves an Australian dental network valued at A$144.5 million (approximately S$130 million), comprising more than 40 clinics and 120 dentists. This will be complemented by additional Singapore clinic acquisitions and a Thai operation focused on cosmetic and aesthetic dentistry with over 30 clinics. Financing Structure and Growth Projections The acquisitions will be financed through a combination of cash and shares, following the Australian acquisition template where 40% of the purchase consideration will be satisfied through shares issued at S$0.70. Notably, the structure includes a 15-year moratorium on shares and service agreements to ensure vendor alignment with long-term objectives. The profit guarantees provide embedded earnings growth of approximately 14% per annum over the next three years. These acquisitions are expected to boost FY26 estimated earnings per share by 80% to 3.5 cents. Operational Synergies and Network Expansion The expanded network will create opportunities for revenue and cost synergies, alongside the implementation of best practices in marketing, advanced dentistry, and operations. The company aims to aggressively grow the Australian network towards 400 clinics over five years, whilst targeting 300 dental clinics across Singapore over the same period. The broader network will also serve as a platform for rolling out EM2AI solutions. Financial Performance and Outlook FY25 revenue exceeded expectations at 105% with the consolidation of Aoxin Q&M, though net profit came in at 68% due to S$2.4 million in interest expenses and S$2 million in one-off costs. Additional government subsidies for restorative dental procedures introduced in October contributed a 3% boost to Singapore revenue in the second half of FY25. Phillip Securities Research Recommendation Phillip Securities Research maintains a BUY recommendation with a raised target price of S$0.71 (previously S$0.545). The fair value post-acquisition is estimated at S$0.95, though a 50% discount has been applied pending completion of the acquisitions. The valuation is pegged at 25x PE FY26, in line with the Singapore healthcare sector. Frequently Asked Questions Q: What is the total value of Q&M Dental's proposed acquisitions? A: The three proposed acquisitions have an estimated total value of S$272 million, covering dental operations in Australia, Singapore, and Thailand. Q: How will these acquisitions be financed? A: The acquisitions will be satisfied through a combination of cash and shares, with 40% of the purchase consideration in shares issued at S$0.70, following the Australian acquisition template. Q: What are the profit guarantees associated with these acquisitions? A: The acquisitions are backed by profit guarantees totalling S$200 million over five to eight years, providing embedded earnings growth of approximately 14% per annum for the next three years. Q: What is Phillip Securities Research's recommendation and target price? A: Phillip Securities Research maintains a BUY recommendation with a raised target price of S$0.71, up from the previous target of S$0.545. Q: How many clinics does Q&M currently operate and what are its expansion plans? A: Q&M currently operates more than 150 clinics in Singapore and Malaysia and aims to grow towards 300 dental clinics in Singapore and 400 clinics in Australia over the next five years. Q: What impact will the acquisitions have on earnings? A: The acquisitions are estimated to boost FY26 earnings per share by 80% to 3.5 cents, with the potential to double the company's overall earnings upon completion. Q: What operational benefits are expected from the acquisitions? A: The expanded network will create opportunities for revenue and cost synergies, implementation of best practices in marketing and operations, and serve as a platform for rolling out EM2AI solutions across the broader clinic network. This article has been auto-generated using PhillipGPT. 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    Micron Technology Reports Record Quarterly Performance Amid Strategic Shifts

    Published on Apr 1, 2026 53 

    Company Overview Micron Technology, Inc is a leading global semiconductor company specialising in memory and storage solutions, including DRAM and NAND flash memory products that are essential components in various electronic devices and data centres. Strong Financial Performance Drives Optimism Micron Technology has delivered exceptional financial results for the second quarter of fiscal year 2026, with adjusted profit after tax and minority interests (PATMI) surging 686% year-on-year to a record US$14 billion. This remarkable performance was driven by substantial bit shipment growth of approximately 35% year-on-year, combined with significant increases in average selling prices (ASPs) for both DRAM and NAND memory products, which rose an estimated 107% and 118% respectively. The company's revenue performance aligned with analyst expectations, with first-half fiscal 2026 revenue representing 50% of the full-year forecast. Meanwhile, the adjusted PATMI exceeded expectations, accounting for 58% of the annual projection, indicating strong momentum in the business. Strategic Customer Agreements Signal Market Evolution A significant development for Micron has been the establishment of its first five-year strategic customer agreement (SCA) with an undisclosed large customer. This represents a notable shift from the company's traditional approach of securing long-term agreements that typically last only one year. The move reflects the evolving landscape in the semiconductor industry, where high-end chipmakers and hyperscalers increasingly view memory as strategically critical in the artificial intelligence race, leading to longer-term contractual commitments across the sector. Market Outlook and Geopolitical Considerations Phillip Securities Research maintains a BUY recommendation with an upgraded target price of US$530, increased from the previous US$500. The research house has raised its fiscal 2026 revenue and PATMI forecasts by 43% and 100% respectively, citing an ongoing industry shortage in memory chips that is expected to continue pushing DRAM and NAND ASPs higher. However, the analysis incorporates geopolitical risk factors, particularly concerns about potential disruptions from Middle East conflicts. The research notes that closure of the Straits of Hormuz could threaten 30% of global helium supply, a critical component in semiconductor wafer manufacturing. Micron is considered better positioned than Korean competitors due to its stronger presence in the United States, which accounts for approximately 45% of global helium production compared to Qatar's 30%. Frequently Asked Questions Q: What drove Micron's record quarterly performance? A: The record US$14 billion adjusted PATMI was driven by bit shipment growth of approximately 35% year-on-year and significant increases in DRAM and NAND average selling prices, which rose an estimated 107% and 118% respectively. Q: How significant is Micron's new strategic customer agreement? A: This is Micron's first five-year strategic customer agreement, representing a major shift from traditional long-term agreements that typically last only one year, reflecting the strategic importance of memory in the AI race. Q: What is Phillip Securities Research's recommendation and target price? A: Phillip Securities Research maintains a BUY recommendation with a target price of US$530, upgraded from the previous US$500. Q: How much did analysts raise their forecasts? A: Phillip Securities Research’s analysts raised fiscal 2026 revenue forecasts by 43% and PATMI forecasts by 100%. Q: What supply outlook does the research anticipate? A: Industry supply is expected to increase meaningfully starting from the second half of calendar year 2027, as SK Hynix aims to maintain its 2026 capital expenditure-to-sales ratio at approximately mid-30% level. Q: What geopolitical risks affect Micron? A: Potential closure of the Straits of Hormuz could threaten 30% of global helium supply, critical for semiconductor manufacturing, though Micron is considered better positioned than Korean competitors due to stronger US presence. Q: How does Micron's geographic positioning help with supply chain risks? A: Micron benefits from stronger presence in the United States, which accounts for about 45% of global helium production compared to Qatar's 30%, providing better insulation from Middle East conflicts than Korean competitors. This article has been auto-generated using PhillipGPT. It is based on a report by a Phillip Securities Research analyst.   Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. 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You must make your own financial assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information provided in these commentaries. Views and any strategies described in these commentaries may not be suitable for all investors. Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other units of PSPL or its connected persons and associates. Any reference to or discussion of investment products or commodities in these commentaries is purely for illustrative purposes only and must not be construed as a recommendation, an offer or solicitation for the subscription, purchase or sale of the investment products or commodities mentioned. This advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

    Singapore REITs Show Resilience Despite February Decline

    Published on Apr 1, 2026 39 

    Market Performance and Sector Overview Singapore Real Estate Investment Trusts (S-REITs) experienced a modest setback in February 2026, with the S-REITs Index declining 1.9% after posting a 0.7% gain in January. This correction reflects broader market volatility amid ongoing geopolitical tensions and monetary policy uncertainty. The S-REITs sector encompasses a diverse portfolio of real estate investments, including retail properties in Singapore and commercial assets overseas. These investment vehicles provide investors with exposure to income-generating real estate across multiple geographic markets and property types, offering regular dividend distributions and portfolio diversification benefits. Individual REIT Performance Performance varied significantly across individual REITs during February. Stoneweg Europe Stapled Trust emerged as the standout performer, surging 6.9% following strong full-year 2025 results. Conversely, Prime US REIT faced headwinds, declining 12.9% after the previous month's 14.2% rally, as investors reassessed the pace of occupancy recovery within its portfolio. Sub-sector performance also diverged notably. Singapore retail REITs led gains with a 0.8% increase, demonstrating the resilience of domestic retail properties. However, overseas commercial properties struggled, particularly US office S-REITs, which contributed to an 8% decline in the overseas commercial sub-sector. Interest Rate Environment and Growth Prospects Despite inflationary pressures stemming from Middle East geopolitical tensions and Federal Reserve expectations of maintaining elevated interest rates, analysts identify potential catalysts for stronger distribution per unit growth in financial year 2026. The continued decline in benchmark Singapore Overnight Rate Average rates is expected to generate meaningful interest cost savings for S-REITs, supporting improved financial performance. Investment Outlook and Recommendations Phillip Securities Research maintains an OVERWEIGHT recommendation on S-REITs, citing their stable performance and defensive characteristics as attractive features for global investors navigating market uncertainty. The sector's valuation metrics remain compelling, trading at a forward dividend yield spread of approximately 3.8% and a price-to-net asset value ratio of 0.97 times. Within sub-sectors, retail properties are favoured due to expectations of strong rental reversions in the high single digits throughout 2026. Overseas S-REITs offering yields exceeding 8% with resilient portfolios are also preferred, including specific recommendations for Stoneweg Europe Stapled Trust with a target price of €1.89, Elite UK REIT at £0.41, United Hampshire US REIT at US$0.69, and Prime US REIT at US$0.32. Frequently Asked Questions Q: What was the performance of Singapore REITs in February 2026? A: The S-REITs Index fell 1.9% in February 2026, reversing the 0.7% gain recorded in January 2026. Q: Which REIT was the best performer in February and why? A: Stoneweg Europe Stapled Trust was the top performer, rising 6.9% on strong FY25 results. Q: What is Phillip Securities Research's overall recommendation on S-REITs? A: Phillip Securities Research maintains an OVERWEIGHT recommendation on S-REITs due to their stable performance and defensive positioning. Q: Which sub-sectors are preferred and why? A: Retail is preferred due to expected strong rental reversions in the high single digits in 2026, and overseas S-REITs offering high yields over 8% with resilient portfolios are also favoured. Q: What are the key target prices mentioned in the report? A: Target prices include Stoneweg Europe Stapled Trust at €1.89, Elite UK REIT at £0.41, United Hampshire US REIT at US$0.69, and Prime US REIT at US$0.32. Q: What factors support potential DPU growth in FY26? A: Interest cost savings from declining benchmark SORA rates are expected to support stronger distribution per unit growth in FY26. Q: How are S-REITs currently valued? A: The sector trades at a forward dividend yield spread of approximately 3.8% and a price-to-net asset value ratio of 0.97 times, which are considered undemanding valuations. Q: What challenges does the sector face? A: The sector faces inflation concerns from heightened geopolitical tensions in the Middle East and expectations that the Federal Reserve will maintain higher-for-longer interest rates. This article has been auto-generated using PhillipGPT. It is based on a report by a Phillip Securities Research analyst.   Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. Past performance figures as well as any projection or forecast used in these commentaries are not necessarily indicative of future or likely performance. Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (PSPL), its directors, connected persons or employees may from time to time have an interest in the financial instruments mentioned in these commentaries. The information contained in these commentaries has been obtained from public sources which PSPL has no reason to believe are unreliable and any analysis, forecasts, projections, expectations and opinions (collectively the “Research”) contained in these commentaries are based on such information and are expressions of belief only. PSPL has not verified this information and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made that such information or Research is accurate, complete or verified or should be relied upon as such. Any such information or Research contained in these commentaries are subject to change, and PSPL shall not have any responsibility to maintain the information or Research made available or to supply any corrections, updates or releases in connection therewith. In no event will PSPL be liable for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages which may be incurred from the use of the information or Research made available, even if it has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The companies and their employees mentioned in these commentaries cannot be held liable for any errors, inaccuracies and/or omissions howsoever caused. Any opinion or advice herein is made on a general basis and is subject to change without notice. The information provided in these commentaries may contain optimistic statements regarding future events or future financial performance of countries, markets or companies. You must make your own financial assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information provided in these commentaries. Views and any strategies described in these commentaries may not be suitable for all investors. Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other units of PSPL or its connected persons and associates. Any reference to or discussion of investment products or commodities in these commentaries is purely for illustrative purposes only and must not be construed as a recommendation, an offer or solicitation for the subscription, purchase or sale of the investment products or commodities mentioned. This advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

    Wee Hur Holdings Upgraded to Buy on Strong Performance and Growth Prospects

    Published on Mar 24, 2026 241 

    Company Overview Wee Hur Holdings Ltd is a Singapore-based company operating across three key business segments: worker dormitory operations, building construction, and property development. The company has established itself as a significant player in Singapore's infrastructure and accommodation sectors, with substantial dormitory assets and a growing construction order book. Strong Financial Performance Drives Upgrade Phillip Securities Research has upgraded Wee Hur Holdings to BUY from NEUTRAL, raising the target price to S$1.08 from S$0.90 previously. This upgrade follows exceptional 2H25 results that significantly exceeded expectations, with revenue and adjusted PATMI reaching 114% and 138% of full-year forecasts respectively. The company's adjusted PATMI surged 81% year-on-year to S$50 million in 2H25, driven by multiple growth catalysts across its business segments. The strong performance reflects successful execution of the company's diversified business model and strategic positioning in Singapore's infrastructure development. Worker Dormitory Business Anchors Growth The worker dormitory segment delivered robust performance, with Tuas View Dormitory achieving 95% occupancy compared to 93% in FY24, alongside positive rental revisions of approximately 5% year-on-year. The segment benefited significantly from Pioneer Lodge's Phase 1 operations, which added 3,088 beds representing a 20% capacity increase since May 2025. This expansion drove dormitory revenue up 21% year-on-year to S$50.8 million in 2H25. Pioneer Lodge's Phase 2, comprising 7,412 beds and representing a 39% capacity increase, received its temporary occupancy permit in 4Q25 and is expected to contribute to occupancy ramp-up in FY26. Construction Segment Shows Marked Improvement The building construction segment demonstrated remarkable turnaround, with revenue spiking 172% year-on-year to S$50 million in 2H25. Operating margins improved substantially by 10 percentage points year-on-year to -7% in FY25, compared to -17% in FY24. This improvement was driven by higher recognition of external projects, which now comprise 99% of the company's S$673 million order book, up from 59% previously. The expanded order book, growing from S$263 million in FY24, is expected to support construction segment growth through 4Q29. Strategic Portfolio Adjustments The research firm's sum-of-the-parts valuation model reflects strategic portfolio changes, including the removal of Mega@Woodlands property development and the addition of Wee Hur's 50% stake in the S$614 million Upper Thomson Road GLS site. The model also incorporates the company's estimated 20% stake in the 344-key DoubleTree by Hilton hotel and Fund III, backed by a 708-bed Australia PBSA. Future Outlook With major construction projects including Changi Airport Terminal 5 and Marina Bay Sands Integrated Resort on the horizon, analysts expect Wee Hur's 15,744-bed Tuas View Dormitory lease to be extended beyond November 2026, providing continued revenue visibility for the dormitory business. Frequently Asked Questions Q: What is Phillip Securities Research's current recommendation and target price for Wee Hur Holdings? A: Phillip Securities Research has upgraded Wee Hur Holdings to BUY from NEUTRAL, with a higher target price of S$1.08, increased from the previous target of S$0.90. Q: How did Wee Hur's 2H25 results compare to expectations? A: The company's 2H25 revenue and adjusted PATMI significantly exceeded expectations, reaching 114% and 138% of full-year forecasts respectively, with adjusted PATMI surging 81% year-on-year to S$50 million. Q: What drove the strong performance in the worker dormitory segment? A: The dormitory segment benefited from Tuas View Dormitory's improved occupancy rate of 95% and positive rental revisions of about 5% year-on-year, plus contributions from Pioneer Lodge Phase 1's additional 3,088 beds, driving dormitory revenue up 21% year-on-year to S$50.8 million. Q: How has the building construction segment's profitability changed? A: The building construction segment's operating margins improved significantly by 10 percentage points year-on-year to -7% in FY25, compared to -17% in FY24, driven by higher recognition of external projects and an expanded order book. Q: What is the current size and composition of Wee Hur's construction order book? A: The company's construction order book stands at S$673 million, up from S$263 million in FY24, with external projects now comprising 99% of the order book compared to 59% previously. This order book is expected to support growth through 4Q29. Q: When will Pioneer Lodge Phase 2 contribute to operations? A: Pioneer Lodge Phase 2, comprising 7,412 beds and representing a 39% capacity increase, received its temporary occupancy permit in 4Q25 and is expected to ramp up occupancy in FY26. Q: What major construction projects could benefit Wee Hur's dormitory business? A: Major upcoming construction projects including Changi Airport Terminal 5 and Marina Bay Sands Integrated Resort are expected to support the extension of Wee Hur's 15,744-bed Tuas View Dormitory lease beyond November 2026. Q: What changes were made to the valuation model? A: The sum-of-the-parts model removed Mega@Woodlands property development and included Wee Hur's 50% stake in the S$614 million Upper Thomson Road GLS site, plus the company's estimated 20% stake in the 344-key DoubleTree by Hilton hotel and Fund III backed by a 708-bed Australia PBSA. This article has been auto-generated using PhillipGPT. It is based on a report by a Phillip Securities Research analyst.    Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. Past performance figures as well as any projection or forecast used in these commentaries are not necessarily indicative of future or likely performance. Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (PSPL), its directors, connected persons or employees may from time to time have an interest in the financial instruments mentioned in these commentaries. The information contained in these commentaries has been obtained from public sources which PSPL has no reason to believe are unreliable and any analysis, forecasts, projections, expectations and opinions (collectively the “Research”) contained in these commentaries are based on such information and are expressions of belief only. PSPL has not verified this information and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made that such information or Research is accurate, complete or verified or should be relied upon as such. Any such information or Research contained in these commentaries are subject to change, and PSPL shall not have any responsibility to maintain the information or Research made available or to supply any corrections, updates or releases in connection therewith. In no event will PSPL be liable for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages which may be incurred from the use of the information or Research made available, even if it has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The companies and their employees mentioned in these commentaries cannot be held liable for any errors, inaccuracies and/or omissions howsoever caused. Any opinion or advice herein is made on a general basis and is subject to change without notice. The information provided in these commentaries may contain optimistic statements regarding future events or future financial performance of countries, markets or companies. You must make your own financial assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information provided in these commentaries. Views and any strategies described in these commentaries may not be suitable for all investors. Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other units of PSPL or its connected persons and associates. Any reference to or discussion of investment products or commodities in these commentaries is purely for illustrative purposes only and must not be construed as a recommendation, an offer or solicitation for the subscription, purchase or sale of the investment products or commodities mentioned. This advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

    TeleChoice International Ltd Maintains Growth Trajectory with Strong FY25 Performance

    Published on Mar 24, 2026 115 

    Company Overview TeleChoice International Ltd is a telecommunications services provider focused on personal communications systems (PCS) and network engineering services. The company operates across Southeast Asia, with significant exposure to Malaysia's telecommunications market through its partnership with U-Mobile. Financial Performance Exceeds Expectations TeleChoice delivered FY25 results that met analyst forecasts, with revenue and profit after tax and minority interests (PATMI) reaching 105% and 103% of expectations respectively. Revenue expanded substantially by 27% year-on-year to S$276 million, primarily supported by U-Mobile 4PL services. However, adjusted PATMI grew at a more modest 20% year-on-year to S$4.4 million due to inventory provisioning impacts. Shareholders benefited from a significant dividend increase, with FY25 dividends more than tripling to 0.45 cents. Personal Communications System Drives Growth The personal communications system segment remained the company's primary growth engine, with revenue surging 42% year-on-year to S$200 million. This impressive growth was fuelled by U-Mobile's expanding subscriber base and the increasing adoption of higher-value postpaid plans requiring handset subsidies. TeleChoice strategically expanded its retail footprint by increasing outlet numbers, broadening its device portfolio, and introducing additional accessories to capture greater market share. Challenges and Outlook Despite the strong revenue performance, TeleChoice faced headwinds from higher inventory provisions. The company experienced a significant spike in inventory write-downs, with provisions increasing by S$2.5 million to S$3.8 million. This provisioning was attributed to a S$11 million year-on-year rise in inventory levels during FY25, compared to S$9.3 million in FY24. Research Recommendation and Valuation Phillip Securities Research maintains its BUY recommendation on TeleChoice International, raising the target price to S$0.275 from the previous S$0.215. The firm increased its FY26e PATMI forecast by 13% to S$8.3 million. The valuation is based on a 15x price-to-earnings multiple for FY26e, benchmarked against SGX-listed companies in the system integration and software sectors. The research house noted that growth momentum in PCS remains intact, with network engineering showing signs of recovery through managed services and network buildout projects in Indonesia and Malaysia. Additionally, TeleChoice is evaluating expansion opportunities into higher-growth digital infrastructure segments, including data centres. Frequently Asked Questions Q: What were TeleChoice's key financial results for FY25? A: TeleChoice achieved revenue of S$276 million, representing 27% year-on-year growth, and adjusted PATMI of S$4.4 million, up 20% year-on-year. Results were within expectations at 105% and 103% of forecasts respectively. Q: Which business segment drove the strongest growth? A: The personal communications system (PCS) segment was the key growth driver, with revenue jumping 42% year-on-year to S$200 million, supported by U-Mobile subscriber growth and higher postpaid plans. Q: What challenges did the company face during FY25? A: TeleChoice experienced higher inventory provisions, with write-downs increasing by S$2.5 million to S$3.8 million due to a S$11 million year-on-year rise in inventory levels. Q: What is Phillip Securities Research's recommendation and target price? A: Phillip Securities Research maintains a BUY recommendation with a raised target price of S$0.275, up from the previous S$0.215, based on 15x P/E for FY26e. Q: How did dividends perform in FY25? A: FY25 dividends more than tripled to 0.45 cents, representing a 260% increase from the previous year's 0.125 cents. Q: What expansion opportunities is TeleChoice considering? A: The company announced it is evaluating expansion into higher-growth segments within digital infrastructure, including data centres, whilst network engineering is recovering through managed services and projects in Indonesia and Malaysia. Q: What factors contributed to the PCS segment's strong performance? A: Growth was driven by U-Mobile 5G subscribers, additional retail stores, postpaid handset subsidies, a widening range of devices, and expanded accessories offerings. This article has been auto-generated using PhillipGPT. It is based on a report by a Phillip Securities Research analyst.    Disclaimer These commentaries are intended for general circulation and do not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any person. Accordingly, no warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of any person acting based on this information. You should seek advice from a financial adviser regarding the suitability of any investment product(s) mentioned herein, taking into account your specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs, before making a commitment to invest in such products. Opinions expressed in these commentaries are subject to change without notice. Investments are subject to investment risks including the possible loss of the principal amount invested. The value of units in any fund and the income from them may fall as well as rise. Past performance figures as well as any projection or forecast used in these commentaries are not necessarily indicative of future or likely performance. Phillip Securities Pte Ltd (PSPL), its directors, connected persons or employees may from time to time have an interest in the financial instruments mentioned in these commentaries. The information contained in these commentaries has been obtained from public sources which PSPL has no reason to believe are unreliable and any analysis, forecasts, projections, expectations and opinions (collectively the “Research”) contained in these commentaries are based on such information and are expressions of belief only. PSPL has not verified this information and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made that such information or Research is accurate, complete or verified or should be relied upon as such. Any such information or Research contained in these commentaries are subject to change, and PSPL shall not have any responsibility to maintain the information or Research made available or to supply any corrections, updates or releases in connection therewith. In no event will PSPL be liable for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages which may be incurred from the use of the information or Research made available, even if it has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The companies and their employees mentioned in these commentaries cannot be held liable for any errors, inaccuracies and/or omissions howsoever caused. Any opinion or advice herein is made on a general basis and is subject to change without notice. The information provided in these commentaries may contain optimistic statements regarding future events or future financial performance of countries, markets or companies. You must make your own financial assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information provided in these commentaries. Views and any strategies described in these commentaries may not be suitable for all investors. Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other units of PSPL or its connected persons and associates. Any reference to or discussion of investment products or commodities in these commentaries is purely for illustrative purposes only and must not be construed as a recommendation, an offer or solicitation for the subscription, purchase or sale of the investment products or commodities mentioned. This advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

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